Editor's Note: Below this note is an article critical of Dr. Eleni's ECX. It is generally good that challenging views get articulated on major issues. There can't always be one perfect, know it all solution for any problem and Ethiopia's problems, specially in facilitating the natural flow of goods, need to be supported by ideas coming from experts on that field. I don't want to pretend I know enough about commodity exchange. One of the things that attracted my interest to ECX is its transparency. The farmer knows instantly how much he/she is paid for the product. To me, that says it all. The author didn't clearly state how much of the final sales amount the farmer gets. Prices usually follow the degree of stability in a system. It is possible the newly established ECX may need time to stabilize itself after which it may be able to command the pricing in a way that benefits the farmers. Then again, it is never too late to convene and initiate a combination of solutions, personalizing and patenting such a complex issue aside. Too much of talking without readily applicable and working methods to test will be repeating the old hollow tactics we badly need to retire. At the same time, ignoring expertise that have been dealing with the business as simply retards, can cause unexpected surprises.
Read below...
By Wondwossen Mezlekia
The Economist magazine describes the Ethiopian government as "one of the most economically illiterate in the modern world." This portrayal, albeit contentious, is not without truth. But, the government's recent meddling in the coffee trade has to do more with the government's socialist-inspired economic policies than economics per se. As if to prove this, Venezuela's Chavez, another diehard socialist, just took actions similar to what Prime Minister Meles Zenawi did earlier this year. Last week, President Hugo Chavez accused the country's largest coffee producers, Fama de America and Cafe Madrid, of smuggling coffee out of Venezuela to circumvent government coffee controls and vowed to nationalize they refuse to heed. Chavez was quoted as saying "if they give me an excuse, I'll nationalize them." This must be why some critics questioned the viability of a free commodity exchange in Ethiopia. But, technically, commodity exchanges can exist as viable institutions even under tyrannical governments. In fact, the only successful cash commodity exchange with spot delivery in Africa was the one in Zimbabwe. Studies show, Zimbabwe Agricultural Commodity Exchange (ZACE) was a viable exchange, until it closed in 2003 due to monetary instability, and operated successfully with its total costs covered by member subscriptions of brokers. The former coffee auction system in Ethiopia is another example. So, what went wrong with the USAID funded Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)? Dr. Eleni Gebre-Medhin says the exchange is a response to the paradox of "bumper harvest one year and severe shortages the next, or surpluses in one region and famine in another." If so, what's coffee got to do with famine? Is ECX delivering on its promises? The bumper harvest-famine paradigm Ethiopians who watched the state owned Ethiopian Television programs in years 1995 through 1997 vividly recall the infomercials about Sasakawa Global 2000 (SG2000) and the video clips of Meles Zenawi and the former US President, Jimmy Carter visiting certain corn fields. SG 2000, a joint program of Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) and the Carter Center's Global 2000, is an agricultural growth program that promotes the potential of improved food crop technologies through field demonstration. SG2000's success stories in other countries were so appealing that the government adopted it right away. Increasing food production was a top priority for the government, so it was anxious to see SG2000 do its magic. The massive campaign to convince farmers to use fertilizers and improved seeds paid off pretty quickly and many farmers were provided with the inputs on a credit basis to be repaid at the first harvest. During the following season (1996/97), food growing regions saw a record high production due to the favorable rains and use of improved farm inputs. But, the excitement lasted for barely a few weeks as prices plummeted with supply surpassing domestic demand. Many farmers, deep in debt, defaulted on their credits. On the other hand, the rest of the country was in dire need of food and millions of people starved during the same year. It turns out, ones bumper harvest won't mean food to the other if the people cannot afford to pay for it. In Ethiopia, millions die of hunger not because they didn't know where to buy food, but because they didn't have the means to buy with. In any case, these are the historical events that Dr. Eleni talks about when selling the idea of a commodity exchange. According to her, ECX will help eradicate famine by facilitating the distribution of commodities in an efficient manner. She argues, event at times like during 1996/1997, grain traders are unwilling to transport stocks to drought stricken regions because of lack of price information and/or the inherent high risk of doing so; those traders who braved to defy all the odds have realized net losses. In brief, by reducing marketing risks and providing merchants with real time price information, ECX can help facilitate ease of transaction and enhance competition. By so doing, commodities can be distributed across regions, reaching a larger consumer base at competitive prices. Further, says Dr. Eleni, ECX can double the value of the domestic market over five years assuming it captures 40% of the domestic market that is estimated at $l billion in value and adds a mere 25% value to it. ECX came into existence in May, 2008 with able experts in the field and an aim to trade more than 25 agricultural commodities, mainly grain and pulse. The exchange was off to a rough start, as its commencement coincided with an unexpected sharp rise in domestic and global prices for commodities. There was a shortage of grains flowing through the exchange. The shortage persists to date. After a series of interesting events, in December 2008, ECX evolved into a coffee exchange, no explanation given. Today, the most traded commodity at ECX is coffee, not grain. ECX has replaced the old coffee auction center, not to conduct a forward trade which would have been an improvement, but to do the same old spot auction with an electronic warehouse receipt system. ECX, there's a slave in my coffee bag! With ECX taking over the coffee auction, the government emerged out as the main player in the market for the first time in the history of the coffee sector. All of the successive governments (the imperial, the military regime, and the current one) depended on coffee for export but only the current government dared to control the marketing system for coffee. This arbitrary move exposes the dark side of coffee trade in Ethiopia and ECX's role as a facilitator. For so long, the government has been oblivious to the fact that coffee farmers are hurting because of the mandatory export. In Ethiopia, it is illegal to sell export grade coffee beans in local markets; only second and third grade coffees are sold locally. Global prices for export grade coffee are determined at the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and are generally less than domestic prices. For example, last week (Sept 19), a pound of coffee was sold at Merkato Buna Tera, the central coffee market in Addis Ababa, for 27 Birr or roughly $2.20 whereas the same volume of export grade coffee was traded at ECX for an average of 18 Birr or roughly $1.47. Coffee farmers and traders would better off selling their coffee stocks in domestic markets. The difference between local and export prices (in the above example, a difference of 15 Birr or $.73 per pound) is an obligatory duty imposed on participants. The governments (past and present) have never felt obliged to compensate farmers or traders for the benefit they forgo due to this export regulation. In one of her interview on Voice of America's Amharic Service, Dr. Eleni said, a market is deemed free if people can sell their produce whenever, where ever, and to whomever they want at whatever price they please. In that sense, she said, the coffee trade in Ethiopia is free. If so, since it is now known that the government is actually dictating the coffee trade, shouldn't it compensate exporters and farmers for the money they lost due to the mandatory export? That is exactly what the governments of Colombia and Brazil did in 2007 . These governments subsidized coffee growers for the price differential when the rally in the local currency eroded export profits. After all, why should citizens be responsible for the government's inability to create favorable sources of foreign exchange or limit its needs for it? This legal exploitation of poor farmers is exacerbated by ECX's new system because the system eliminates direct trade - the only system that pays farmers extra pennies for their hard work - and gives the government more power and means to control the value chain. In recent years, the increased demand for Specialty coffee opened up opportunities for farmers that grow the finest coffees. Importers sourcing single origin coffee often pay farmers premium prices over NYMEX prices for the highest quality. Specialty coffee importers make direct contacts with growers to ensure the highest possible level of quality and integrity for the coffee beans they want to buy. The introduction of ECX's hasty coffee trade system, however all but eliminates this direct trade between importers and farmers. The only farmers that are allowed to bypass the exchange are cooperatives and commercial farms. Since only less than 10% of the farmers are organized in cooperatives, the new system subjects the individual farmers to adverse competition. These farmers are now allowed to sell their produce at the NYMEX commodity prices only. On top of this, the government commands the majority sit in ECX's Board of Directors. Currently, only 18% (2 out of 11) of the directors are private business owners; the rest represent government interests. The parastatals, Guna Trading and Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise are now the most influential forces in the market as they enjoy preferential policy treatment over their competitors. Granted, these parastatals will use their leverage to lower their purchasing prices in order to maximize their profits. Under these circumstances, it is difficult to see how ECX maintains synergy and serve as a fair and free marketplace to all. Commodity exchange for coffee The former coffee auction system has been functioning very well and successfully operated in three successive governments. It would have been wise to enhance the existing system rather than starting one from the scratch. For that matter, the auction was prepared to make gradual upgrades to an electronic warehouse receipt system and eventually to a forward trade. The decision to replace the auction by ECX was completely political and not in the best interest of the sector. The government's allegation that some of the suppliers and exporters had diverted coffee beans meant for export to local markets or that they hoarded coffee stocks in search of better prices is an excuse. Smuggling will continue to be a problem as long as there exists price disparity between local and export markets. Replacing the auction centers by ECX won't solve the root causes of the problem. In countries where coffee is traded in a commodity exchange, coffee trade is conducted separate from other agricultural commodities. In Uganda, the operation of electronic warehouse receipt system and coffee exchange are supported by a two independent institutions: the Uganda Commodity Exchange (UCE) and Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA). These institutions work together to promote a fair and transparent exchange. In Kenya, the coffee exchange is an independent operation that is managed by an association of direct stakeholders. The Kenya Coffee Producers and Traders Association (KCPTA) owns and manages the Nairobi Coffee Exchange (NCE). Another unique feature of the NCE is that it has a separate and smooth direct sale operation for Specialty coffee where marketing agents directly negotiate with foreign buyers. This system, also known as the "Second Window" is separate from bulk commodity trading. To fix the problems with ECX, first, the coffee exchange needs to be separated from ECX's broader functions as an agricultural commodity exchange and it should allow full participation of the stakeholders (from farmers to exporters.) Second, to take advantage of the price differential for Specialty coffees, and until most of the farmers are organized in cooperatives, the exchange ought to allow individual farmers to transact freely and directly with ultimate buyers who will enter into agreements with farmers and limit ECX's role as a third-party certifier to coffee stocks that are not associated with such a direct buyer. Lastly, to do away with the problems associated with coffee smuggling and to encourage the production of high quality coffee, the government ban on domestic trade that requires selling export grade coffee at a loss should be lifted or accompanied by monetary incentives from the government
Save a Tree
Let’s face hard facts: Ethiopia is facing an ecological disaster! Not from catastrophic climate change (that is macro-climatic changes resulting from variations in solar radiation, deviations in the Earth’s orbit, changes in greenhouse concentrations, etc.,) but from man-made causes. Ethiopia is facing an ecological catastrophe caused by deforestation, soil erosion, over-grazing, over-population, desertification and loss of biodiversity, and chemical pollution of its rivers and lakes. Hundreds of square miles of forest land and farmland are lost every year. According to the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute1 , “Ethiopia loses up to 200,000 hectares of forest every year and warned that if the trend continues the country would lose all of its forest resources by the year1 2020.” Other data show that “Between 1990 and 2005, Ethiopia lost 14.0% of its forest cover (2,114,000 hectares) and 3.6% of its forest and woodland habitat. If the trend continues, it is expected that Ethiopia could lose all of its forest resources in 11 years, by the year 2020.”2 The wild animal population is disappearing at an alarming rate due to deforestation and loss of natural habitat, and hundreds of plant and animal species are facing imminent extinction.
Dr Gedion Getahun, Research Scientist at the Environmental Radio analytical Chemistry in Mainz, Germany writes3,
According to the UN, Ethiopia’s forests are depleted, at present less than three percent of the entire country is covered with trees… In Ethiopia, biodiversity is treated in very awful manner. The destruction of natural habitat as well as a threat to the flora and fauna and other biological resources diminish the economy of the country. This affects the country’s wealth and with it, the existence and the well being of the nation.
The Lake Koka environmental disaster -- a topic of special coverage by the Al Jazeera Network4 -- a few kilometers outside Ethiopia’s capital is only the tip of the iceberg of Ethiopia’s environmental nightmare. As one resident of the Lake Koka community put it5 :
The main problem here is the water. People are getting sick. Everyone around here uses this water. There is no other water. Almost 17,000 people… come from 10 kilometers away and use this water. The water smells even if you boil it; it does not change the color. It is hard to drink it. The people here have great potential and we are losing them, especially the children. I am upset but I don’t have the ability to do anything. I would if I could, but I can’t do anything.
Another local resident lamented the polluted Lake Koka water in apocalyptic terms:
It is better to die thirsty than to drink this [Koka] water. We are drinking a disease. We told the local authorities our cattle and goats died due to this water, but nobody helped. We are tired of complaining.
Nothing has been done to hold criminally accountable the polluters of Lake Koka, or “compensate for damages” the people living in that community for the devastating health problems they continue to face from using the toxic water of the lake.
Almaz Mequanint, who has struggled for years to bring attention to the devastating environmental pollution caused by the Wonji/Shoa and Metehara sugar factories, wrote six years ago:
I feel helpless and in despair when I think of my whole family and the 100,000 voiceless residents who have been living around the sugar factories of Ethiopia…. I now suffer from asthma because of the air pollution at that time. My teeth are decayed and I have knee and other joint problems. My kids are suffering from tooth decay, cavities and staining.”6
Nothing has been done over the past six years to improve the health conditions of the tens of thousands of people who worked in the sugar factories or community residents, nor has any action been taken to “compensate them for the damages” they suffered as a result of industrial pollution of criminal magnitude. Just this past week, a website was set up to call attention to the plight of these victims.7
Africa’s knights in shining armor should take care of business in their own backyards -- lakes, rivers and factories -- before mounting their steeds on a crusade to save Africa from global warming.
Editor's Note:
The above article is an excerpt from Professor Al Mariam's article issued for solely politicizing the matter. While nothing is wrong with it, I think coming up with a solution would be a noble idea in addition to, of course, his great contributions to constantly inform us with major issues such as this. My recommendation for this disastrous situation is to immediately start doing something to fight it. The environmental concern, if nothing is done now in a national dimension, no doubt is already causing the demise of the society in that region much faster than any where in the world. Before things get to the point of no return, Africans need to fight the new enemy that's out to destroy them. Technology is the answer for this. There needs to be a way to stop people from massively cutting trees for their every day use. Any idea? Aha...
Joke of the day
A student walks into the school house and sits in his seat. The teacher asks him what his favorite word is. He says you will have to guess it; I will give you a hint. He says it starts with an f and ends with ...uck. The teacher says ok we don't need to hear your word but he says you know what, it is not that bad it is just firetruck!!!!!
Ethiopia Commodity Exchange Promises Huge Benefits
Addis Ababa (AllAfrica) — The last nine months of its existence has been challenging for Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX). It saw decline in coffee production and felt impact of global financial depression, among others, ECX disclosed.
Transformation from traditional to modern transaction system, shortage of laboratories, low storage capacity of warehouses, the existence of 256 to 781 coffee variety grades were also among the challenges faced by the ECX, said Dr. Eleni Zawde, CEO, at the annual ECX members’ forum held at Addis Ababa Hilton on Monday.
Even then, ECX has been striving to overcome the challenges and achieve its targets since its establishments nine months back, it was indicated. Before ECX was established, the agricultural markets in Ethiopia had been characterized by high costs and high risks of transaction; only one third of the output reached the market; and commodity buyers and sellers tended to trade only with those they knew so as to avoid the risk of being cheated or default, she said.
In addition to that, trade was carried out on the basis of visual inspection because there was no assurance of product quality and quantity. This drove costs up, leading to high consumer prices.
Small-scale farmers on their part, who produce 95 percent of the country’s output, came to the market with little information and were consequently at the mercy of merchants nearby, the only market they knew. Hence, they were unable to negotiate better prices or reduce their market risk, Dr. Eleni underlined.
ECX is working for reconciliation between warehouses and the central depository, to install an automated system and for regular close monitoring of security issues and manipulation at warehouses.
In the just ending year, coffee worth 2.8 billion birr was made available for transaction in the domestic and export market by ECX.
The suitable altitude, ample rainfall, favorable temperatures and fertile soil makes Ethiopia a favourable region with a huge potential for coffee production. A genetic pool of the country’s coffee shows it contains more than 6000 varieties, giving the country a big specialty coffee capacity.
Coffee plants cover a total area of 700,000 hectares in Ethiopia, producing roughly 250,000 tons per annum. Around 20 million people make a living out of the commodity. Forest coffee accounts for about 10 percent of the total.
The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange is a recent initiative in Ethiopia. ECX has a vision to revolutionize Ethiopia’s tradition bound agriculture through creating a new market system that serves all market actors, ranging from farmers to traders, from processors to exporters and consumers.
Ethiopia - Forty Preconditions for Elections 2010
I am of the view that Ethiopia's political forces in the opposition must ensure that the government will fulfil these preconditions before contemplating participation in the forthcoming elections in 2010. These forty preconditions should be met before any of the opposition parties could decide to participate. The political landscape in Ethiopia today has narrowed by wide margins compared to the democratic space which was a little ajar in the run up to May 15, 2005. These preconditions, if fulfilled, will certainly narrow the room for TPLF/EPRDF while they open up greater breathing space for the opposition.
Media and Information
1. Equal access for all opposition parties to state owned media
2. Equal time allocation (in the state owned media) for all political parties to announce their programmes to the public
3. Government financial support to political organizations in the opposition camp to finance advertising costs of airing or publishing information in the private print and broadcast media
4. Unhindered access for all Ethiopians to web cast media based both at home and abroad
5. Stopping government efforts to jam radios like VOA and DW Amharic programmes particularly when Ethiopians are highly sensitive about the political developments in their country in the run up to national elections 2010
6. Complete freedom for all Ethiopians back home to freely publish or air their concerns in the state owned media without any fear of repression or punishment from local cadres and apparatchiks
7. Free circulation of fliers and leaflets published by opposition parties in their effort to reach out the public and introduce their programmes
8. Freedom for all journalists to travel and penetrate into any part of the country to investigate and report on cases of civil and political rights abuses in connection with opposition members and supporters and their activities
9. Restore all the private news papers that were squeezed out of the market following the contested elections 2005 and allow them to continue their work of informing citizens
10. Reduce the skyrocketing publication cost imposed on private news papers and periodicals in attempt to undermine their financial capacity and limit the scope of their activities
11. Guarantee that the government will not disrupt the Short Messaging Services (short mobile text messages) as it did during and immediately after elections 2005
12. Allow opposition forces to make use of local/regional radio services including education transmission radios (particularly on weekends) to impart election related information to local residents since it is at woreda and kebele levels where most of the activities will be done
13. Issue directives to make it possible for opposition parties to relay important messages at social gatherings and religious congregations particularly in rural areas of the country since the rural community has limited access to the luxury of print, broadcast and web cast media
14. Allow oppositions to stage their programmes and policies at rural market towns, where, given the constraints mentioned in No.13, opposition parties will have the chance to address a diverse audience from various rural kebeles who in turn could carry the messages to their respective kebeles
15. Freedom for all rural teachers, medical practitioners, development agents and micro credit officers to choose and get involved in political activities which will enable the opposition to have easier and more effective means of outreaching rural Ethiopia
Political Prisoners
16. Release Chairman of Unity for Democracy and Justice Party, Judge Birtukan Midekssa, without any preconditions
17. Discharge the tens of thousands of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience held in various concentration camps including Dedesa, Shewa Robit, Zeway and Sheraro (I heard about Sheraro for the first time more than a decade ago when my childhood friends' fathers who had served in the Derg military rule were said to be held there. Till today nothing in known about them)
18. Free all journalists who have been arrested and detained for publishing critical editorials against the government
19. Stop the arrest and incarceration of opposition members and activists without warrant and without due process of law
20. Release all the 37 or so Ethiopians who were rounded up and detained based on trumped up charges of having "links with Ginbot 7 and attempting to assassinate high profile government officials."
NGOs
21. Rethink the so called CSO/NGO law passed by the rubber-stamp parliament in January 2009 whose primary objective is limiting the activities of NGO/CSO in promoting democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights
22. Lift the financial cap which discourages home grown NGOs from raising more than 10% of their revenue from abroad. Without enough fund, local NGOs could hardly play significant roles in combating corruption or advancing democratic culture
23. Remove all technical and political barriers against local and international NGOs which seek to contribute to building democratic institutions and good governance in the country
24. Allow humanitarian and charity organizations to resume their philanthropic operations in war-ravaged Ogaden region. The government must stop using famine as political weapon to put our Ogadeni brothers and sisters into submission. The opposition must ensure that the government revamps its position on local and foreign NGOs for one cannot go into elections with a ruling party that starves its own citizens through its bad policies and legislative smoke screen against NGOs
25. Lift all geographical barriers as to where local and foreign NGOs will have to concentrate their operations unless and otherwise such restriction is deemed dangerous for the wellbeing of NGO operatives (such potential conflict areas)
Human Rights and Human Rights Defenders
26. Stop the political pressure on Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO) which requires it to abandon its obsession with democracy and the rule of law and focus only on human rights--which is absurd since no one can talk about democracy or respect for human rights where the rule of law is non-existent
27. Give appropriate weight to reports on human rights situations in Ethiopia issued by the State Department, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Genocide Watch and other human rights organizations rather than engaging in a war of words which will only worsen the human rights situation in Ethiopia
28. Clear and unambiguous position regarding the much publicized government land deal with Khartoum and its implications on the basic human rights of Ethiopians inhabiting on our Western frontier bordering the Sudan, including their rights to till the land they possess and to get protection against attacks by the Sudanese armed forces. A ruling party which turns a blind eye on the plights of Ethiopians has no legitimate right to stay in power, let alone engage in periodic elections
29. Clear and unambiguous position on the horrendous human rights violations against our sisters being committed by petrodollar rich Arab countries, which is dramatically on the rise in the past few years. We all remember that in April 2008 the TPLF/EPRDF regime broke off diplomatic relations with the Gulf state of Qatar for Qatar's alleged indolent in arming and training terrorists in the Horn. The opposition must demand that the government recognize that the atrocities against our sisters are no different than terrorist acts
30. The government must officially promise that any unwarranted harassment, intimidation, arrest or detention of opposition members, supporters and sympathizers is a signal that 'the game is over!'
Electoral Board
31. A new electoral board must be established whose members constitute fair opposition presence, where at least one third of the members are opposition nominees
32. According to Article 104 sub article 2 of the current constitution, the electoral board is appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives upon recommendation by the prime Minister. The opposition, having little or no confidence in the Prime Minister and his opaque regime, must demand that his recommendation include members of opposition forces to reflect and reinforce mutual confidence in the electoral process
33. Members of the electoral board shall be made up of professionals including lawyers, statisticians, geographers and political scientists who, in the course of discharging their duties and responsibilities, could make profound technical analysis and informed decisions and could also live up to some degree of professional ethics than lowly cadres and apparatchiks
34. Building the capacity of the electoral board such as the provision of training and logistic support to the board shall be made by independent local and international organizations and agencies which are concerned with the democratic political process in Ethiopia. This prevents the government from using its financial clout to influence the behaviour and actions of board members.
35. 'Without new and independent electoral board, no participation' should be the slogan of the opposition. Our opposition leaders need to recognize that partisan electoral board is the 'final straw' in their desperate bid to beat the TPLF/EPRDF regime.
Police, Security and the Army
36. Disband the special and ethnically oriented AGAZI death squad and re-form it in a manner that reflects the true and proportional composition of all ethnic groups. Such re-structuring will significantly weaken the strong link between the executive branch of the government and the AGAZI special force which are infested with people from the same ethnic group
37. Re-shuffle the high ranking military positions in the National Defence Forces more than 95% of which, as reported by Ginboat7 a few months ago, are occupied by Tigreans. The country’s two largest ethnic groups, Amhara and Oromo, deserve more places proportional to their ethnic make-up in the nation
38. The commander-in-chief of the Army must be the head of state of the country, namely, the President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, who, at least superficially, is independent. This requires amending the constitution which lavishly puts such power on the Prime Minister
39. Specific directives, rules and procedures must be designed and deployed to guide the activities and operations of the police and security forces in the country. The government must guarantee the opposition that its police and security forces will not haphazardly arrest and detain members and supporters of the opposition without warrant or concrete evidence that they were involved in destructive acts
40. Yeshi Filt Maseriyaw Lit—All the above preconditions are the bones and flesh of an expanded political landscape for the opposition to operate effectively. But Independent Court System is the soul! TPLF/EPRDF has four legs: a Kangaroo Court system, a special AGAZI Death Squad, a Puppet Electoral Board and a Voluble Charlatan (the party’s chairman). Forget the last leg; but without any change in the first three legs (Electoral board, Kangaroo Court and Agazi Death Squad) it is waste of time, energy and even human lives to engage TPLF/EPRDF in elections.
Get the forty preconditions fulfilled or No Elections!
Wondemhunegn Ezezew
bishangary@yahoo.com
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