Yemen, the new Eldorado ?
Every day on the southern coast of Yemen, illegal boats drop off men, and women running from war and poverty in Africa. But they’ve come to one of the poorest places on earth.
REPORTERS
By Cyril VANIER / Karim HAKIKI
We’re standing on a beach in southern Yemen, early one November morning. On the opposite side of the Gulf of Aden lies the Horn of Africa, one of the most troubled regions on earth, racked by civil war and poverty. Those who can pay for their way out, make their way to Yemen. Seventy dollars buys them a spot on the next boat out. Many are beaten on the way, sometimes women are raped, and all too often - passengers drown. Those who reach Yemen will have to start a new life from scratch.
The sea is calm this morning, it is high season for illegal boats crossing into Yemen. Last night, we heard a motor boat travelling parallel to the beach. There was no light, no noise on board except for the engine: probably a smuggler using the cover of night to carry his human cargo.
Before sunrise, we meet up with a Yemeni charity, tasked with finding and sheltering Somali immigrants. We drive up and down the coastline, looking for what the United Nations call “new arrivals”. In a cemetery along the way, we number 41 tombstones – that’s how many bodies have washed up on beaches in this area since May- and spot five empty graves. They won’t stay empty for long: high season means more people are bound to drown over the coming weeks.
...MORE
Africa shows a willingness to negotiate - COP15 United Nations Climate Change Conference Copenhagen 2009
Rie Jerichow
16/12/2009 16:20
Earlier this week, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown met with Ethiopia's Prime Minister and African Union climate negotiator Meles Zenawi. On Wednesday Brown said that Zenawi would soon come up with a proposal that could be an important step forward. So he did.
Meles Zenawi has announced that he supports 100 billion US dollars annual funds by 2020 from rich countries to help the poor world fight and adapt to climate changes. The EU has estimated that the developing countries will need 150 billion dollars.
"On long-term financing, I propose funding for adaptation and mitigation (emissions curbs) should start by 2013, to reach up to 50 billion dollars per annum by 2015 and 100 billion dollars per annum by 2020," he said on behalf of the African group, according to Reuters.
"No less than 50 percent should be allocated to adaptation to vulnerable and poor countries and regions such as African and small islands states," Meles Zenawi added.
Meles Zenawi hinted that Africa would not insist on public money. In his proposal, funding would be financed by creative financing mechanisms including carbon taxes and sales of emissions rights, Reuters reports.
"I know my proposal today will disappoint some Africans. My proposal scales back our expectation with respect to the level of funding in return for more reliable funding," the African Union climate negotiator said. (Photo: Scanpix/AFP)
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Africa shows a willingness to negotiate - COP15 United Nations Climate Change Conference Copenhagen 2009
“We will not repeat the mistakes committed in the 2005 elections”
Prime Minister Meles Zenawi
By Kaleyesus Bekele
Prime Minister Meles Zenawi yesterday said that his government would not repeat the mistakes committed in the May 2005 election in the May 2010 elections.
At a press conference he gave yesterday at his office, Meles told local reporters that his government was not prepared for the election riots of 2005. “Starting from putting in place a sufficient police force to monitoring the activities of armed groups we were not well prepared to control riots. But the EPRDF is known for one thing - it could make mistakes but it will not repeat them,” Meles said.
Asked about the possibilities of forming a coalition government with opposition parties, Meles said such ideas were floated by those who do not know about the country’s election law. He pointed out that the party which wins a majority seat forms a government. “If the EPRDF doesn’t win adequate seats, it will hand over power. It can not work together with opposition parties, which have a completely different objective. What has been done in Kenya and Zimbabwe is they tried to eliminate the ruling party from power though chaos and when they failed they said that they had established a coalition government. They said so after many lost their lives. This doesn’t work here,” he said. Read More...
Joke of the day
A salesman was demonstrating unbreakable combs in a department store.
He was impressing the people who stopped by to look by putting the comb through all sorts of torture and stress.
Finally to impress even the skeptics in the crowd, he bent the comb completely in half, and it snapped with a loud crack.
Without missing a beat, he bravely held up both halves of the 'unbreakable' comb for everyone to see and said, "And this, ladies and gentlemen, is what an unbreakable comb looks like on the inside."
Joke of the day
A biology teacher wished to demonstrate to his students the harmful effects of alcohol on living organisms. For his experiment, he showed them a beaker with pond water in which there was a thriving civilization of worms. When he added some alcohol into the beaker the worms doubled-up and died.
"Now," he said, "what do you learn from this?"
An eager student gave his answer.
"Well the answer is obvious," he said "if you drink alcohol, you'll never have worms."
J'Accuse!
By Alemayehu G/Mariam
No alternative in the opposition," they whispered anonymously. What a disgusting phrase to use in justifying support for a ruthless dictatorship? That is apparently the scuttlebutt on Embassy Row in Addis Abeba. Reuters' Barry Malone reported last week, "Most Western governments want Meles to continue because there is no alternative in the opposition. As long as the elections are semi-democratic, they'll probably stay quiet, keep giving aid, hope for liberalisation of the economy and leave full democracy for later." Is this the ultimate proof of the triumph of Western moral relativism, hypocrisy and skullduggery in Ethiopia and Africa? Is this the new 21st Century Western paradigm of moral capitulation and appeasement of evil? Is the West going to a moral hellhole in a hand basket?...Read more
Joke of the day
Two farmers were discussing politics and the first one says: "I believe in a share and share alike policy. One where we are all equal."
"Well" replied the other farmer "I'm not sure about that. What you mean is that if you have two horses you'd give me one?"
"Of course" says the first.
The second farmer continued: "and if you had two cars, you'd give me one of them too?"
"Absolutely"
"So" says the second farmer, "if you had two pigs then you'd give me one of them?"
"Ah, now hang on a minute" says the first, "you know I've got two pigs!"
Joke of the day
My husband, Phil, and I had stopped by my father's house on the way to a friend's funeral. During the visit, my husband spoke about the man who had died, saying, "You know, I had a feeling I should have called him last week, but I didn't. The next time I have that feeling, I'm going to do it."
Later Dad saw us to the door. As we said our goodbyes, he muttered to my husband, "And don't call me."
African Desert Rift Confirmed As New Ocean In The Making
African Desert Rift Confirmed As New Ocean In The Making
Scientists from several countries have confirmed that a 35-mile-long rift in the desert in Ethiopia will eventually become a new ocean, according to LiveScience .
Researchers discovered the gigantic crack in the desert in 2005 . At the time, some geologists believed the rift was the beginning of a new ocean as two parts of the African continent pulled apart, but the claim was controversial.
A new study, published in the latest issue of Geophysical Research Letters , suggests the volcanic processes at work beneath the Ethiopian rift are nearly identical to those at the bottom of the world's oceans, and the rift is indeed likely the beginning of a new sea...
Ethiopia opposition says nearly 450 members jailed
* Parties say arrests are politically motivated
* One party says seven members murdered in a year
* Government says it will investigate names
By Barry Malone
ADDIS ABABA, Nov 3 (Reuters) - Ethiopian opposition parties say nearly 450 of their members have been jailed to stop them running as candidates in national elections in May next year.
Documents given to Reuters by four opposition parties listed the prisoners' names, the dates on which they were arrested and the jails in which they were being held.
One party, the All Ethiopia Unity Organisation (AEUO), has recorded seven murders of members over the last 12 months that it says were politically motivated.
"These jailings are to stop our members running in elections," Gizachew Shiferaw, deputy leader of the Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJ) party, told Reuters. "It has become a strategy for the ruling party. Ethiopia is a one-party state."
Most analysts say the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) will easily win the 2010 elections -- but opposition parties say that is because government harassment will stop their members contesting.
The authorities strongly deny the claims and say only criminals have been arrested.
"Nobody has been imprisoned or killed for political activity, to my knowledge," Bereket Simon, the Ethiopian government's head of information, told Reuters, adding that the authorities would further investigate the documented names.
"Our preliminary investigation indicates that these people are engaged in real crime," he said. "We can't release criminals because they are opposition members."
NO CHANCE OF WINNING
Bereket said the opposition was trying to discredit the electoral process because they realised they had no chance of winning in 2010. This week, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and three opposition parties agreed a set of rules for the elections.
Police and soldiers shot dead about 200 protesters after the opposition accused the government of rigging elections in 2005.
Along with the AEUO and the UDJ, the other two parties who gave Reuters lists of detainees were the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM) and the Oromo Peoples' Congress, who have been refused permission to form an alliance.
Most of those listed are ethnic Oromos who, despite being Ethiopia's largest group, have not held power in modern times.
Meles comes from the Tigryan ethnic group, who make up only 6 percent of the population but dominate the political elite.
Another three parties told Reuters members were regularly arrested and held briefly to scare them off registering for the polls. Those parties have not yet begun documenting the cases.
Photographs seen by Reuters show vandalised buildings in small towns outside the capital Addis Ababa that the opposition says are their regional offices.
Ethiopia has never had a peaceful transition of power. Meles took over in 1991 after a rebel group led by him and others overthrew a communist regime. (For related analysis, click on [ID:L1641132] For a factbox on the Ethiopian opposition, [ID:nLT93901]) (Editing by Daniel Wallis)
Alemayehu G. Mariam: Famine and the Noisome Beast in Ethiopia
Alemayehu G. Mariam: Famine and the Noisome Beast in Ethiopia
Posted using ShareThis It is hard to talk about Ethiopia these days in non-apocalyptic terms. Millions of Ethiopians are facing their old enemy again for the third time in nearly forty years. The Black Horseman of famine is stalking that ancient land. A year ago, Meles Zenawi's regime denied there was any famine. Only "minor problems" of spot shortages of food which will "be soon brought under control," it said dismissively. The regime boldly predicted a 7-10 percent increase in the annual harvest over 2007. Simon Mechale, head of the country's Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency, proudly declared: "Ethiopia will soon fully ensure its food security." For several years, the regime has been touting its Productive Safety Net Programme would result in ending the "cycle of dependence on food aid" by bridging production deficits and protecting household and community assets. Famine and chronic food shortages were officially ostracized from Ethiopia. Read more at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alemayehu-g-mariam/famine-and-the-noisome-be_b_339467.html
Posted using ShareThis It is hard to talk about Ethiopia these days in non-apocalyptic terms. Millions of Ethiopians are facing their old enemy again for the third time in nearly forty years. The Black Horseman of famine is stalking that ancient land. A year ago, Meles Zenawi's regime denied there was any famine. Only "minor problems" of spot shortages of food which will "be soon brought under control," it said dismissively. The regime boldly predicted a 7-10 percent increase in the annual harvest over 2007. Simon Mechale, head of the country's Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Agency, proudly declared: "Ethiopia will soon fully ensure its food security." For several years, the regime has been touting its Productive Safety Net Programme would result in ending the "cycle of dependence on food aid" by bridging production deficits and protecting household and community assets. Famine and chronic food shortages were officially ostracized from Ethiopia. Read more at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alemayehu-g-mariam/famine-and-the-noisome-be_b_339467.html
Joke of the day
Farmer
A bus load of politicians were driving down a country road one afternoon, when all of a sudden, the bus ran off the road and crashed into a tree in an old farmer's field.
Seeing what happened, the old farmer went over to investigate.
He then proceeded to dig a hole and bury the politicians.
A few days later, the local sheriff came out, saw the crashed bus, and asked the old farmer, "Were they all dead?" The old farmer replied, "Well, some of them said they weren't, but you know how them politicians lie."
RFI - Ethiopian troops cross border into Somalia
RFI -
Ethiopian troops cross border into Somalia
Several hundred Ethiopian troops crossed the border into neighbouring Somalia at the weekend, accompanied by Somali pro-government fighters. They arrested villagers and kept them for questioning. The Ethiopian army was withdrawn from Somalia in January.
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Joke of the day
A lawyer's dog, running around town unleashed, heads for a butcher shop and steals a roast. The butcher goes to the lawyer's office and asks, "if a dog running unleashed steals a piece of meat from my store, do I have a right to demand payment for the meat from the dog's owner?" The lawyer answers, "Absolutely."
"Then you owe me $8.50. Your dog was loose and stole a roast from me today."
The lawyer, without a word, writes the butcher a check for $8.50. The butcher, having a feeling of satisfaction, leaves.
Three days later, the butcher finds a bill from the lawyer: $100 due for a consultation.
CBC News - World - A country you can never stop worrying about
CBC News - World - A country you can never stop worrying about
Ethiopia is one country that I can never stop worrying about. Nor can the world.
Each time that I have gone back over the past 25 years I am encouraged to see so much has changed since the great famine of 1984-85 that shocked the world and so moved us Canadians. Yet there is also much here that is alarmingly similar.
This time old friends — survivors of that earlier tragedy — are proud to show me the signs of progress in the northern province of Tigray, the very epicentre of a famine that killed over a million people.
In the countryside, small catchment dams have been built to trap rainwater and reforestation projects are underway; in the small provincial capital of Mekele, they can now show off a modern university, busy markets and a vibrant youth culture.
A boy eats raw chickpeas from the family plot in Ethiopia's drought-stricken Oromiya region in January 2009. (Ho New/Reuters)
Still, for all these encouraging signs I know there remain two constants here.
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Joke of the day
A motorist was driving in the country when he came upon a priest and a rabbi standing on the shoulder of the road, fishing. Next to them was a sign that read "Turn Around. The End Is Near."
The motorist didn't like to be preached to, so he rolled down the window and yelled, "Mind your own business, you religious nuts!"
A few seconds later the two fishermen heard tires screech, then a splash.
The rabbi turned to the priest and said, "I told you we should've just written, 'Bridge Out.' "
Daniel Bekele stood for what he believed.
In the ever-shrinking space for freedom of expression and association in Ethiopia, Daniel Bekele has faced heavy-handed government repression as a prominent anti-poverty activist and human rights lawyer. Daniel has dedicated his life to building a vibrant civil society and strengthening human rights in a country where freedom of expression and other fundamental rights are severely constricted.
After leading grassroots efforts to promote voter education and election monitoring Daniel was arrested following the controversial 2005 parliamentary elections and spent two and a half years in prison on politically motivated charges of conspiracy and incitement to overthrow the government. He and fellow human rights activist Netsanet Demissie were the last two people released after a high-profile trial that originally charged 131 journalists, politicians, and civil society leaders with crimes ranging from genocide to treason.
Although he had an opportunity to secure his early release by joining co-defendants in signing a letter of apology to the government, Daniel instead chose to stand trial and contest the charges in court, testing the rule of law as a matter of principle. He was eventually convicted in a deeply flawed trial in which even the judges acknowledged that Daniel and Netsanet's civil society activities were legitimate and even commendable.
Since his release in 2008, the Ethiopian government has adopted the Charities and Societies Proclamation, a new law on nongovernmental organizations that is so restrictive as to make the work of most human rights groups in Ethiopia illegal. Human Rights Watch honors Daniel Bekele who, at great personal risk, challenges the Ethiopian government to uphold the civil and political rights that protect all people.
Daniel Bekele made the following statement upon hearing about the award announcement:
"I accept such a prestigious award with a genuine sense of humility. I hold this award in the name of my fellow colleagues working for the promotion of human rights in Ethiopia. I am humbled by such global level recognition of the human rights work in Ethiopia; but it is also a constant reminder of the human rights situation in my country.
Poverty, political conflict and lack of good governance have created a disheartening socio-political quagmire and a very poor record of human rights; however, a gradual transition to rule of law and a peaceful democratic political order is not entirely hopeless. While a constitutional level guarantee of human rights is a positive step forward; the real protection of the most basic human rights remains a daunting challenge. I hope we shall overcome the seemingly insurmountable challenges with citizens re-engaging in democracy in a peaceful way.
I thank Human Rights Watch for this award and its valuable work; and I thank my family, fellow colleagues and friends globally for your kind support."
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Humanitarian governance in Ethiopia: A view from INGOs
Tuesday, September 29, 2009 by Abby Maxman (CARE Ethiopia), Waleed Rauf (Oxfam GB, Ethiopia), David Throp (Save the Children UK, Ethiopia)
The spark for a debate
Earlier this year, the Overseas Development Institute published a Working Paper called Humanitarian governance in the new millennium: An Ethiopian case study. The paper was later summarised in an HPN article, which featured in the June edition of Humanitarian Exchange Magazine.
Though the article provides a valuable perspective on how humanitarian action and disaster management has changed in Ethiopia over recent decades, it misses an opportunity to provide a fuller analysis of the diversity and evolution of actors working in the humanitarian field. It also fails to present contrasting perceptions and discourse, which could help with much-needed consensus building.
The article focuses entirely on how selected informants from within Ethiopian Government circles perceive the conduct, motivation and performance of international Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs). While these perceptions are valid and important, no attempt is made to present the perspectives of the INGOs themselves. This could have balanced the article considerably. The case study deliberately sets out to ‘study’ only part of the ‘case’.
Recognising change
The article draws a caricature of INGOs as stagnant and set in their ways. This is contrasted with the dynamic efforts of successive Ethiopian regimes to manage humanitarian affairs. Yet there have been a number of innovations made by INGOs recently, particularly in the area of accountability and transparency. These include: the Red Cross, Red Crescent and NGO Code of Conduct, the Sphere Project, and the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership.
INGOs have changed in other ways too. They are no longer traditional ‘charitable giving’ organisations. Their work is now shaped by participatory methods; rights-based frameworks; capacity building approaches; knowledge management initiatives; and so on. In fact, given the fast changing environment which shapes INGO behaviour and possibilities, it is unlikely that a reactionary INGO - resistant to change and adaptation - would survive at all.
In Ethiopia, INGOs have contributed to a large and well documented body of work, which supports government-led efforts to promote a more holistic disaster management approach aimed at reducing vulnerabilities and managing risk. Specific areas of contribution include:
support to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the Productive Safety Net Programme, including the current pilot in pastoral areas;
support to the Enhanced Outreach Strategy (a national health and nutrition initiative targeting children and mothers);
efforts to protect and diversify livelihoods, including through enhancing access to credit, markets and strengthening value chains;
initiatives to build local government capacities to better manage risks and contingencies;
support to early warning systems;
innovative drought cycle management interventions in pastoral areas;
support to immunisation campaigns and other activities to mitigate public health epidemics
Even at the sharpest end of emergency response - in dealing with severe acute malnutrition - INGOs have notably shifted their approaches over recent years. In line with current best practice, they have moved away from classical ‘feeding centre’ interventions towards ‘community therapeutic care’ programmes, which are premised on building local (and sustainable) capacities for early identification, referral, and treatment of the most vulnerable.
Humanitarian partnership
This list of examples helps to illustrate the fact that INGOs are not organisations stuck in the ‘famine and food aid’ paradigms of the past, nor are they primarily obsessed with feeding their own coffers through overstated and inappropriate emergency responses. Such assertions are anachronistic and not borne out by recent experiences and work taking place on the ground.
Partnership with the government underpins all INGO work in Ethiopia and is generally built around constructive technical collaboration at different levels. Many projects and programmes aim to contribute to a more holistic cycle of disaster management that goes beyond emergency response by attempting to address underlying vulnerabilities, and by promoting preparedness and mitigating shocks.
Beyond programmatic work, many INGOs also aspire to make relevant technical contributions to policy discussions through research and project based learning on a variety of topics, including disaster risk reduction and mitigation. These initiatives are frequently welcomed by officials and supported by donors who provide financial resources and other inputs. A lot of this policy work has the added aim of making programmes more timely, targeted and cost effective.
The start of a debate
The recent HPN article provides an opportunity for INGOs to join an important debate. How might we work more positively together, under government leadership, to address vulnerabilities and improve preparedness? How might we respond within a more comprehensive disaster management framework?
This goes beyond technical matters. It implies the need to reshape relationships between INGOs and government, moving beyond the stereotypes set out in the article. Greater acknowledgement of (and reflection on) the challenges, influences and trends that shape the evolution of INGO practice would also be helpful. This could offer a better and more constructive point of reference upon which to build dialogue.
These efforts to reshape relationships would require a number of elements. To begin with, a common vocabulary and conceptual framework for disaster risk management must be established and agreed by all stakeholders. Work must also be done to build trust and consensus through honest dialogue; and the creation of safe, mutually respectful spaces to discuss potentially contentious matters. This includes getting consensus on the way in which needs, risks and vulnerabilities are conceptualised, quantified and articulated.
All of this would help in the development of technically appropriate strategies for risk reduction and, when the need arises, for responses to acute shocks and crises. Efforts to help community voices be heard and incorporated into policy options would improve practice as well. Finally, the role of the media should be examined, both at the domestic and the international level.
Around the world - from Latin America to Africa to South Asia - INGOs are working with governments and other stakeholders to reduce the risk of disasters and to mitigate their potential effects. There is no reason why Ethiopia should be an exception to this.
The views offered here are given in a personal capacity and intended as a constructive contribution to debate and dialogue.
Improving financial and food security for farmers in northern Ethiopia
Improving financial and food security for farmers in northern Ethiopia
New York, 25 September 2009 – Swiss Re, Oxfam America, The Rockefeller Foundation and The International Research Institute for Climate and Society at Columbia University (IRI) announced a joint Commitment to Action at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) 2009 meeting in New York on 22 – 25 September. Aimed at helping communities most vulnerable to climate variability and change, the collaboration will expand on their joint 2008 commitment focused on using risk reduction and risk transfer skills to improve financial and food security for farmers within the drought-prone village of Adi Ha, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia.
Drought-related risks are a primary concern throughout Ethiopia where 85% of the population is dependent on smallholder, rain-fed agriculture. Education and exposure to micro-insurance, increased access to credit and improved risk management techniques are necessary measures for these populations to effectively adapt to the changing climate.
The 2009 commitment builds on the success of the 2008 pilot project in Adi Ha. After conducting workshops on climate change, financial literacy and insurance, the pilot weather risk insurance project achieved uptake by 20% of the village (200 households), with 38% of enrollees from female-headed households (recognized as the poorest of the productive poor). 65% of enrollees were participants in Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP is a federal cash-for-work program that serves 8 million chronically food insecure households in Ethiopia) and most work on projects designed to build greater resilience to climate change within their communities in return for cash they use to pay for crop insurance.
David Bresch, Head of Sustainability & Emerging Risk Management for Swiss Re, commented, "Swiss Re is delighted to build on the success of our work with Oxfam and our other partners to expand the pilot program in Ethiopia to five new villages. This expanded project will provide further validation on useful techniques that allow communities in developing countries to adapt to the changing climate."
The pilot project is part of the collaborative Horn of Africa Risk Transfer for Adaptation (HARITA) project including Swiss Re, Oxfam America and numerous additional international and Ethiopian organizations.
This year's commitment will expand the program to include at least one new crop and test the pilot model in four new villages in Tigray, and one in Amhara. Weather index insurance for rain-fed cereal farmers is proposed to be expanded utilizing two new automatic weather stations to cover the four new villages. Read more.
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Joke of the day
Two men were walking home after a party and decided to take a shortcut through the cemetery just for laughs. Right in the middle of the cemetery they were startled by a tap-tap-tapping noise coming from the misty shadows. Trembling with fear, they found an old man with a hammer and chisel, chipping away at one of the headstones.
"Holy cow, Mister," one of them said after catching his breath, "You scared us half to death ... we thought you were a ghost! What are you doing working here so late at night?"
"Those fools!" the old man grumbled. "They misspelled my name!"
Ethiopia - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband & Forecasts
Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd., Sep 2009
The Ethiopia - Telecoms, Mobile, Broadband & Forecasts report includes all BuddeComm research data and analysis on this country. Covering trends and developments in telecommunications, mobile, internet, broadband, infrastructure and regulation.
Ethiopia is the last country in Africa allowing its national telco, ETC a monopoly on all telecom services including fixed, mobile, Internet and data communications. This monopolistic control has stifled innovation and retarded expansion. The government tries to encourage foreign investment in a broad range of industries by allowing foreigners up to 100% equity ownership. However, there is no official schedule for the privatisation of the national carrier and the introduction of competition, but once this happens, the potential to satisfy unmet demand in all service sectors is huge.
Ethiopia has the second lowest telephone penetration rate in Africa, but it recently surpassed Egypt to become the second most populous nation on the continent after Nigeria. However, it is also one of the poorest countries in the world with approximately 80% of the population supporting themselves through subsistence agriculture, which accounts for more than half of the country’s GDP.
Despite the monopoly situation, subscriber growth in the mobile sector has been excellent at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of almost 90% since its inception in 1999 and more than 100% in the past six years. However, demand has been even stronger, and ETC has been unable to satisfy it. Ethiopia’s mobile market penetration is still one of the lowest in the world at little more than 3%. Fixed-line penetration is even lower, and this has also impacted on the development of the Internet sector. Prices of broadband connections are excessive.
Improvements are beginning to develop following massive investments into fixed-wireless and mobile network infrastructure, including third generation mobile technology, as well as a national fibre optic backbone. Ethiopia is investing an unusually large amount, around 10% of its GDP, into information & communication technology (ICT). However, telecommunications revenue has grown only moderately in comparison, at around 16% per annum. It has remained under 2% of GDP, a low figure in regional comparison.
Key Highlights:
- Forecasts for fixed-line, mobile and Internet markets to 2010 and 2015;
- Comparison with other countries in the region in terms of GDP, mobile, fixed and Internet market penetration;
- Detailed profile of the monopoly service provider in all market sectors;
- Launch of 3G mobile service in market with excessive broadband pricing;
- Extensive rollouts of national and international fibre infrastructure;
Multi-billion US$ investments planned before 2012.Fixed-line penetration in Ethiopia and other countries in the region – 2008
CountryFixed - line penetration
Djibouti - 1.4%
Somalia - 1.2%
Ethiopia - 1.1%
Sudan - 0.9%
Eritrea - 0.8%
Kenya - 0.7%
(Source: BuddeComm based on various sources)
What is wrong with ECX?
Editor's Note: Below this note is an article critical of Dr. Eleni's ECX. It is generally good that challenging views get articulated on major issues. There can't always be one perfect, know it all solution for any problem and Ethiopia's problems, specially in facilitating the natural flow of goods, need to be supported by ideas coming from experts on that field. I don't want to pretend I know enough about commodity exchange. One of the things that attracted my interest to ECX is its transparency. The farmer knows instantly how much he/she is paid for the product. To me, that says it all. The author didn't clearly state how much of the final sales amount the farmer gets. Prices usually follow the degree of stability in a system. It is possible the newly established ECX may need time to stabilize itself after which it may be able to command the pricing in a way that benefits the farmers. Then again, it is never too late to convene and initiate a combination of solutions, personalizing and patenting such a complex issue aside. Too much of talking without readily applicable and working methods to test will be repeating the old hollow tactics we badly need to retire. At the same time, ignoring expertise that have been dealing with the business as simply retards, can cause unexpected surprises.
Read below...
By Wondwossen Mezlekia
The Economist magazine describes the Ethiopian government as "one of the most economically illiterate in the modern world." This portrayal, albeit contentious, is not without truth. But, the government's recent meddling in the coffee trade has to do more with the government's socialist-inspired economic policies than economics per se. As if to prove this, Venezuela's Chavez, another diehard socialist, just took actions similar to what Prime Minister Meles Zenawi did earlier this year. Last week, President Hugo Chavez accused the country's largest coffee producers, Fama de America and Cafe Madrid, of smuggling coffee out of Venezuela to circumvent government coffee controls and vowed to nationalize they refuse to heed. Chavez was quoted as saying "if they give me an excuse, I'll nationalize them." This must be why some critics questioned the viability of a free commodity exchange in Ethiopia. But, technically, commodity exchanges can exist as viable institutions even under tyrannical governments. In fact, the only successful cash commodity exchange with spot delivery in Africa was the one in Zimbabwe. Studies show, Zimbabwe Agricultural Commodity Exchange (ZACE) was a viable exchange, until it closed in 2003 due to monetary instability, and operated successfully with its total costs covered by member subscriptions of brokers. The former coffee auction system in Ethiopia is another example. So, what went wrong with the USAID funded Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)? Dr. Eleni Gebre-Medhin says the exchange is a response to the paradox of "bumper harvest one year and severe shortages the next, or surpluses in one region and famine in another." If so, what's coffee got to do with famine? Is ECX delivering on its promises? The bumper harvest-famine paradigm Ethiopians who watched the state owned Ethiopian Television programs in years 1995 through 1997 vividly recall the infomercials about Sasakawa Global 2000 (SG2000) and the video clips of Meles Zenawi and the former US President, Jimmy Carter visiting certain corn fields. SG 2000, a joint program of Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) and the Carter Center's Global 2000, is an agricultural growth program that promotes the potential of improved food crop technologies through field demonstration. SG2000's success stories in other countries were so appealing that the government adopted it right away. Increasing food production was a top priority for the government, so it was anxious to see SG2000 do its magic. The massive campaign to convince farmers to use fertilizers and improved seeds paid off pretty quickly and many farmers were provided with the inputs on a credit basis to be repaid at the first harvest. During the following season (1996/97), food growing regions saw a record high production due to the favorable rains and use of improved farm inputs. But, the excitement lasted for barely a few weeks as prices plummeted with supply surpassing domestic demand. Many farmers, deep in debt, defaulted on their credits. On the other hand, the rest of the country was in dire need of food and millions of people starved during the same year. It turns out, ones bumper harvest won't mean food to the other if the people cannot afford to pay for it. In Ethiopia, millions die of hunger not because they didn't know where to buy food, but because they didn't have the means to buy with. In any case, these are the historical events that Dr. Eleni talks about when selling the idea of a commodity exchange. According to her, ECX will help eradicate famine by facilitating the distribution of commodities in an efficient manner. She argues, event at times like during 1996/1997, grain traders are unwilling to transport stocks to drought stricken regions because of lack of price information and/or the inherent high risk of doing so; those traders who braved to defy all the odds have realized net losses. In brief, by reducing marketing risks and providing merchants with real time price information, ECX can help facilitate ease of transaction and enhance competition. By so doing, commodities can be distributed across regions, reaching a larger consumer base at competitive prices. Further, says Dr. Eleni, ECX can double the value of the domestic market over five years assuming it captures 40% of the domestic market that is estimated at $l billion in value and adds a mere 25% value to it. ECX came into existence in May, 2008 with able experts in the field and an aim to trade more than 25 agricultural commodities, mainly grain and pulse. The exchange was off to a rough start, as its commencement coincided with an unexpected sharp rise in domestic and global prices for commodities. There was a shortage of grains flowing through the exchange. The shortage persists to date. After a series of interesting events, in December 2008, ECX evolved into a coffee exchange, no explanation given. Today, the most traded commodity at ECX is coffee, not grain. ECX has replaced the old coffee auction center, not to conduct a forward trade which would have been an improvement, but to do the same old spot auction with an electronic warehouse receipt system. ECX, there's a slave in my coffee bag! With ECX taking over the coffee auction, the government emerged out as the main player in the market for the first time in the history of the coffee sector. All of the successive governments (the imperial, the military regime, and the current one) depended on coffee for export but only the current government dared to control the marketing system for coffee. This arbitrary move exposes the dark side of coffee trade in Ethiopia and ECX's role as a facilitator. For so long, the government has been oblivious to the fact that coffee farmers are hurting because of the mandatory export. In Ethiopia, it is illegal to sell export grade coffee beans in local markets; only second and third grade coffees are sold locally. Global prices for export grade coffee are determined at the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and are generally less than domestic prices. For example, last week (Sept 19), a pound of coffee was sold at Merkato Buna Tera, the central coffee market in Addis Ababa, for 27 Birr or roughly $2.20 whereas the same volume of export grade coffee was traded at ECX for an average of 18 Birr or roughly $1.47. Coffee farmers and traders would better off selling their coffee stocks in domestic markets. The difference between local and export prices (in the above example, a difference of 15 Birr or $.73 per pound) is an obligatory duty imposed on participants. The governments (past and present) have never felt obliged to compensate farmers or traders for the benefit they forgo due to this export regulation. In one of her interview on Voice of America's Amharic Service, Dr. Eleni said, a market is deemed free if people can sell their produce whenever, where ever, and to whomever they want at whatever price they please. In that sense, she said, the coffee trade in Ethiopia is free. If so, since it is now known that the government is actually dictating the coffee trade, shouldn't it compensate exporters and farmers for the money they lost due to the mandatory export? That is exactly what the governments of Colombia and Brazil did in 2007 . These governments subsidized coffee growers for the price differential when the rally in the local currency eroded export profits. After all, why should citizens be responsible for the government's inability to create favorable sources of foreign exchange or limit its needs for it? This legal exploitation of poor farmers is exacerbated by ECX's new system because the system eliminates direct trade - the only system that pays farmers extra pennies for their hard work - and gives the government more power and means to control the value chain. In recent years, the increased demand for Specialty coffee opened up opportunities for farmers that grow the finest coffees. Importers sourcing single origin coffee often pay farmers premium prices over NYMEX prices for the highest quality. Specialty coffee importers make direct contacts with growers to ensure the highest possible level of quality and integrity for the coffee beans they want to buy. The introduction of ECX's hasty coffee trade system, however all but eliminates this direct trade between importers and farmers. The only farmers that are allowed to bypass the exchange are cooperatives and commercial farms. Since only less than 10% of the farmers are organized in cooperatives, the new system subjects the individual farmers to adverse competition. These farmers are now allowed to sell their produce at the NYMEX commodity prices only. On top of this, the government commands the majority sit in ECX's Board of Directors. Currently, only 18% (2 out of 11) of the directors are private business owners; the rest represent government interests. The parastatals, Guna Trading and Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise are now the most influential forces in the market as they enjoy preferential policy treatment over their competitors. Granted, these parastatals will use their leverage to lower their purchasing prices in order to maximize their profits. Under these circumstances, it is difficult to see how ECX maintains synergy and serve as a fair and free marketplace to all. Commodity exchange for coffee The former coffee auction system has been functioning very well and successfully operated in three successive governments. It would have been wise to enhance the existing system rather than starting one from the scratch. For that matter, the auction was prepared to make gradual upgrades to an electronic warehouse receipt system and eventually to a forward trade. The decision to replace the auction by ECX was completely political and not in the best interest of the sector. The government's allegation that some of the suppliers and exporters had diverted coffee beans meant for export to local markets or that they hoarded coffee stocks in search of better prices is an excuse. Smuggling will continue to be a problem as long as there exists price disparity between local and export markets. Replacing the auction centers by ECX won't solve the root causes of the problem. In countries where coffee is traded in a commodity exchange, coffee trade is conducted separate from other agricultural commodities. In Uganda, the operation of electronic warehouse receipt system and coffee exchange are supported by a two independent institutions: the Uganda Commodity Exchange (UCE) and Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA). These institutions work together to promote a fair and transparent exchange. In Kenya, the coffee exchange is an independent operation that is managed by an association of direct stakeholders. The Kenya Coffee Producers and Traders Association (KCPTA) owns and manages the Nairobi Coffee Exchange (NCE). Another unique feature of the NCE is that it has a separate and smooth direct sale operation for Specialty coffee where marketing agents directly negotiate with foreign buyers. This system, also known as the "Second Window" is separate from bulk commodity trading. To fix the problems with ECX, first, the coffee exchange needs to be separated from ECX's broader functions as an agricultural commodity exchange and it should allow full participation of the stakeholders (from farmers to exporters.) Second, to take advantage of the price differential for Specialty coffees, and until most of the farmers are organized in cooperatives, the exchange ought to allow individual farmers to transact freely and directly with ultimate buyers who will enter into agreements with farmers and limit ECX's role as a third-party certifier to coffee stocks that are not associated with such a direct buyer. Lastly, to do away with the problems associated with coffee smuggling and to encourage the production of high quality coffee, the government ban on domestic trade that requires selling export grade coffee at a loss should be lifted or accompanied by monetary incentives from the government
Read below...
By Wondwossen Mezlekia
The Economist magazine describes the Ethiopian government as "one of the most economically illiterate in the modern world." This portrayal, albeit contentious, is not without truth. But, the government's recent meddling in the coffee trade has to do more with the government's socialist-inspired economic policies than economics per se. As if to prove this, Venezuela's Chavez, another diehard socialist, just took actions similar to what Prime Minister Meles Zenawi did earlier this year. Last week, President Hugo Chavez accused the country's largest coffee producers, Fama de America and Cafe Madrid, of smuggling coffee out of Venezuela to circumvent government coffee controls and vowed to nationalize they refuse to heed. Chavez was quoted as saying "if they give me an excuse, I'll nationalize them." This must be why some critics questioned the viability of a free commodity exchange in Ethiopia. But, technically, commodity exchanges can exist as viable institutions even under tyrannical governments. In fact, the only successful cash commodity exchange with spot delivery in Africa was the one in Zimbabwe. Studies show, Zimbabwe Agricultural Commodity Exchange (ZACE) was a viable exchange, until it closed in 2003 due to monetary instability, and operated successfully with its total costs covered by member subscriptions of brokers. The former coffee auction system in Ethiopia is another example. So, what went wrong with the USAID funded Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX)? Dr. Eleni Gebre-Medhin says the exchange is a response to the paradox of "bumper harvest one year and severe shortages the next, or surpluses in one region and famine in another." If so, what's coffee got to do with famine? Is ECX delivering on its promises? The bumper harvest-famine paradigm Ethiopians who watched the state owned Ethiopian Television programs in years 1995 through 1997 vividly recall the infomercials about Sasakawa Global 2000 (SG2000) and the video clips of Meles Zenawi and the former US President, Jimmy Carter visiting certain corn fields. SG 2000, a joint program of Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) and the Carter Center's Global 2000, is an agricultural growth program that promotes the potential of improved food crop technologies through field demonstration. SG2000's success stories in other countries were so appealing that the government adopted it right away. Increasing food production was a top priority for the government, so it was anxious to see SG2000 do its magic. The massive campaign to convince farmers to use fertilizers and improved seeds paid off pretty quickly and many farmers were provided with the inputs on a credit basis to be repaid at the first harvest. During the following season (1996/97), food growing regions saw a record high production due to the favorable rains and use of improved farm inputs. But, the excitement lasted for barely a few weeks as prices plummeted with supply surpassing domestic demand. Many farmers, deep in debt, defaulted on their credits. On the other hand, the rest of the country was in dire need of food and millions of people starved during the same year. It turns out, ones bumper harvest won't mean food to the other if the people cannot afford to pay for it. In Ethiopia, millions die of hunger not because they didn't know where to buy food, but because they didn't have the means to buy with. In any case, these are the historical events that Dr. Eleni talks about when selling the idea of a commodity exchange. According to her, ECX will help eradicate famine by facilitating the distribution of commodities in an efficient manner. She argues, event at times like during 1996/1997, grain traders are unwilling to transport stocks to drought stricken regions because of lack of price information and/or the inherent high risk of doing so; those traders who braved to defy all the odds have realized net losses. In brief, by reducing marketing risks and providing merchants with real time price information, ECX can help facilitate ease of transaction and enhance competition. By so doing, commodities can be distributed across regions, reaching a larger consumer base at competitive prices. Further, says Dr. Eleni, ECX can double the value of the domestic market over five years assuming it captures 40% of the domestic market that is estimated at $l billion in value and adds a mere 25% value to it. ECX came into existence in May, 2008 with able experts in the field and an aim to trade more than 25 agricultural commodities, mainly grain and pulse. The exchange was off to a rough start, as its commencement coincided with an unexpected sharp rise in domestic and global prices for commodities. There was a shortage of grains flowing through the exchange. The shortage persists to date. After a series of interesting events, in December 2008, ECX evolved into a coffee exchange, no explanation given. Today, the most traded commodity at ECX is coffee, not grain. ECX has replaced the old coffee auction center, not to conduct a forward trade which would have been an improvement, but to do the same old spot auction with an electronic warehouse receipt system. ECX, there's a slave in my coffee bag! With ECX taking over the coffee auction, the government emerged out as the main player in the market for the first time in the history of the coffee sector. All of the successive governments (the imperial, the military regime, and the current one) depended on coffee for export but only the current government dared to control the marketing system for coffee. This arbitrary move exposes the dark side of coffee trade in Ethiopia and ECX's role as a facilitator. For so long, the government has been oblivious to the fact that coffee farmers are hurting because of the mandatory export. In Ethiopia, it is illegal to sell export grade coffee beans in local markets; only second and third grade coffees are sold locally. Global prices for export grade coffee are determined at the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and are generally less than domestic prices. For example, last week (Sept 19), a pound of coffee was sold at Merkato Buna Tera, the central coffee market in Addis Ababa, for 27 Birr or roughly $2.20 whereas the same volume of export grade coffee was traded at ECX for an average of 18 Birr or roughly $1.47. Coffee farmers and traders would better off selling their coffee stocks in domestic markets. The difference between local and export prices (in the above example, a difference of 15 Birr or $.73 per pound) is an obligatory duty imposed on participants. The governments (past and present) have never felt obliged to compensate farmers or traders for the benefit they forgo due to this export regulation. In one of her interview on Voice of America's Amharic Service, Dr. Eleni said, a market is deemed free if people can sell their produce whenever, where ever, and to whomever they want at whatever price they please. In that sense, she said, the coffee trade in Ethiopia is free. If so, since it is now known that the government is actually dictating the coffee trade, shouldn't it compensate exporters and farmers for the money they lost due to the mandatory export? That is exactly what the governments of Colombia and Brazil did in 2007 . These governments subsidized coffee growers for the price differential when the rally in the local currency eroded export profits. After all, why should citizens be responsible for the government's inability to create favorable sources of foreign exchange or limit its needs for it? This legal exploitation of poor farmers is exacerbated by ECX's new system because the system eliminates direct trade - the only system that pays farmers extra pennies for their hard work - and gives the government more power and means to control the value chain. In recent years, the increased demand for Specialty coffee opened up opportunities for farmers that grow the finest coffees. Importers sourcing single origin coffee often pay farmers premium prices over NYMEX prices for the highest quality. Specialty coffee importers make direct contacts with growers to ensure the highest possible level of quality and integrity for the coffee beans they want to buy. The introduction of ECX's hasty coffee trade system, however all but eliminates this direct trade between importers and farmers. The only farmers that are allowed to bypass the exchange are cooperatives and commercial farms. Since only less than 10% of the farmers are organized in cooperatives, the new system subjects the individual farmers to adverse competition. These farmers are now allowed to sell their produce at the NYMEX commodity prices only. On top of this, the government commands the majority sit in ECX's Board of Directors. Currently, only 18% (2 out of 11) of the directors are private business owners; the rest represent government interests. The parastatals, Guna Trading and Ethiopian Grain Trade Enterprise are now the most influential forces in the market as they enjoy preferential policy treatment over their competitors. Granted, these parastatals will use their leverage to lower their purchasing prices in order to maximize their profits. Under these circumstances, it is difficult to see how ECX maintains synergy and serve as a fair and free marketplace to all. Commodity exchange for coffee The former coffee auction system has been functioning very well and successfully operated in three successive governments. It would have been wise to enhance the existing system rather than starting one from the scratch. For that matter, the auction was prepared to make gradual upgrades to an electronic warehouse receipt system and eventually to a forward trade. The decision to replace the auction by ECX was completely political and not in the best interest of the sector. The government's allegation that some of the suppliers and exporters had diverted coffee beans meant for export to local markets or that they hoarded coffee stocks in search of better prices is an excuse. Smuggling will continue to be a problem as long as there exists price disparity between local and export markets. Replacing the auction centers by ECX won't solve the root causes of the problem. In countries where coffee is traded in a commodity exchange, coffee trade is conducted separate from other agricultural commodities. In Uganda, the operation of electronic warehouse receipt system and coffee exchange are supported by a two independent institutions: the Uganda Commodity Exchange (UCE) and Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA). These institutions work together to promote a fair and transparent exchange. In Kenya, the coffee exchange is an independent operation that is managed by an association of direct stakeholders. The Kenya Coffee Producers and Traders Association (KCPTA) owns and manages the Nairobi Coffee Exchange (NCE). Another unique feature of the NCE is that it has a separate and smooth direct sale operation for Specialty coffee where marketing agents directly negotiate with foreign buyers. This system, also known as the "Second Window" is separate from bulk commodity trading. To fix the problems with ECX, first, the coffee exchange needs to be separated from ECX's broader functions as an agricultural commodity exchange and it should allow full participation of the stakeholders (from farmers to exporters.) Second, to take advantage of the price differential for Specialty coffees, and until most of the farmers are organized in cooperatives, the exchange ought to allow individual farmers to transact freely and directly with ultimate buyers who will enter into agreements with farmers and limit ECX's role as a third-party certifier to coffee stocks that are not associated with such a direct buyer. Lastly, to do away with the problems associated with coffee smuggling and to encourage the production of high quality coffee, the government ban on domestic trade that requires selling export grade coffee at a loss should be lifted or accompanied by monetary incentives from the government
Save a Tree
Let’s face hard facts: Ethiopia is facing an ecological disaster! Not from catastrophic climate change (that is macro-climatic changes resulting from variations in solar radiation, deviations in the Earth’s orbit, changes in greenhouse concentrations, etc.,) but from man-made causes. Ethiopia is facing an ecological catastrophe caused by deforestation, soil erosion, over-grazing, over-population, desertification and loss of biodiversity, and chemical pollution of its rivers and lakes. Hundreds of square miles of forest land and farmland are lost every year. According to the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute1 , “Ethiopia loses up to 200,000 hectares of forest every year and warned that if the trend continues the country would lose all of its forest resources by the year1 2020.” Other data show that “Between 1990 and 2005, Ethiopia lost 14.0% of its forest cover (2,114,000 hectares) and 3.6% of its forest and woodland habitat. If the trend continues, it is expected that Ethiopia could lose all of its forest resources in 11 years, by the year 2020.”2 The wild animal population is disappearing at an alarming rate due to deforestation and loss of natural habitat, and hundreds of plant and animal species are facing imminent extinction.
Dr Gedion Getahun, Research Scientist at the Environmental Radio analytical Chemistry in Mainz, Germany writes3,
According to the UN, Ethiopia’s forests are depleted, at present less than three percent of the entire country is covered with trees… In Ethiopia, biodiversity is treated in very awful manner. The destruction of natural habitat as well as a threat to the flora and fauna and other biological resources diminish the economy of the country. This affects the country’s wealth and with it, the existence and the well being of the nation.
The Lake Koka environmental disaster -- a topic of special coverage by the Al Jazeera Network4 -- a few kilometers outside Ethiopia’s capital is only the tip of the iceberg of Ethiopia’s environmental nightmare. As one resident of the Lake Koka community put it5 :
The main problem here is the water. People are getting sick. Everyone around here uses this water. There is no other water. Almost 17,000 people… come from 10 kilometers away and use this water. The water smells even if you boil it; it does not change the color. It is hard to drink it. The people here have great potential and we are losing them, especially the children. I am upset but I don’t have the ability to do anything. I would if I could, but I can’t do anything.
Another local resident lamented the polluted Lake Koka water in apocalyptic terms:
It is better to die thirsty than to drink this [Koka] water. We are drinking a disease. We told the local authorities our cattle and goats died due to this water, but nobody helped. We are tired of complaining.
Nothing has been done to hold criminally accountable the polluters of Lake Koka, or “compensate for damages” the people living in that community for the devastating health problems they continue to face from using the toxic water of the lake.
Almaz Mequanint, who has struggled for years to bring attention to the devastating environmental pollution caused by the Wonji/Shoa and Metehara sugar factories, wrote six years ago:
I feel helpless and in despair when I think of my whole family and the 100,000 voiceless residents who have been living around the sugar factories of Ethiopia…. I now suffer from asthma because of the air pollution at that time. My teeth are decayed and I have knee and other joint problems. My kids are suffering from tooth decay, cavities and staining.”6
Nothing has been done over the past six years to improve the health conditions of the tens of thousands of people who worked in the sugar factories or community residents, nor has any action been taken to “compensate them for the damages” they suffered as a result of industrial pollution of criminal magnitude. Just this past week, a website was set up to call attention to the plight of these victims.7
Africa’s knights in shining armor should take care of business in their own backyards -- lakes, rivers and factories -- before mounting their steeds on a crusade to save Africa from global warming.
Editor's Note:
The above article is an excerpt from Professor Al Mariam's article issued for solely politicizing the matter. While nothing is wrong with it, I think coming up with a solution would be a noble idea in addition to, of course, his great contributions to constantly inform us with major issues such as this. My recommendation for this disastrous situation is to immediately start doing something to fight it. The environmental concern, if nothing is done now in a national dimension, no doubt is already causing the demise of the society in that region much faster than any where in the world. Before things get to the point of no return, Africans need to fight the new enemy that's out to destroy them. Technology is the answer for this. There needs to be a way to stop people from massively cutting trees for their every day use. Any idea? Aha...
Joke of the day
A student walks into the school house and sits in his seat. The teacher asks him what his favorite word is. He says you will have to guess it; I will give you a hint. He says it starts with an f and ends with ...uck. The teacher says ok we don't need to hear your word but he says you know what, it is not that bad it is just firetruck!!!!!
Ethiopia Commodity Exchange Promises Huge Benefits
Addis Ababa (AllAfrica) — The last nine months of its existence has been challenging for Ethiopian Commodity Exchange (ECX). It saw decline in coffee production and felt impact of global financial depression, among others, ECX disclosed.
Transformation from traditional to modern transaction system, shortage of laboratories, low storage capacity of warehouses, the existence of 256 to 781 coffee variety grades were also among the challenges faced by the ECX, said Dr. Eleni Zawde, CEO, at the annual ECX members’ forum held at Addis Ababa Hilton on Monday.
Even then, ECX has been striving to overcome the challenges and achieve its targets since its establishments nine months back, it was indicated. Before ECX was established, the agricultural markets in Ethiopia had been characterized by high costs and high risks of transaction; only one third of the output reached the market; and commodity buyers and sellers tended to trade only with those they knew so as to avoid the risk of being cheated or default, she said.
In addition to that, trade was carried out on the basis of visual inspection because there was no assurance of product quality and quantity. This drove costs up, leading to high consumer prices.
Small-scale farmers on their part, who produce 95 percent of the country’s output, came to the market with little information and were consequently at the mercy of merchants nearby, the only market they knew. Hence, they were unable to negotiate better prices or reduce their market risk, Dr. Eleni underlined.
ECX is working for reconciliation between warehouses and the central depository, to install an automated system and for regular close monitoring of security issues and manipulation at warehouses.
In the just ending year, coffee worth 2.8 billion birr was made available for transaction in the domestic and export market by ECX.
The suitable altitude, ample rainfall, favorable temperatures and fertile soil makes Ethiopia a favourable region with a huge potential for coffee production. A genetic pool of the country’s coffee shows it contains more than 6000 varieties, giving the country a big specialty coffee capacity.
Coffee plants cover a total area of 700,000 hectares in Ethiopia, producing roughly 250,000 tons per annum. Around 20 million people make a living out of the commodity. Forest coffee accounts for about 10 percent of the total.
The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange is a recent initiative in Ethiopia. ECX has a vision to revolutionize Ethiopia’s tradition bound agriculture through creating a new market system that serves all market actors, ranging from farmers to traders, from processors to exporters and consumers.
Ethiopia - Forty Preconditions for Elections 2010
I am of the view that Ethiopia's political forces in the opposition must ensure that the government will fulfil these preconditions before contemplating participation in the forthcoming elections in 2010. These forty preconditions should be met before any of the opposition parties could decide to participate. The political landscape in Ethiopia today has narrowed by wide margins compared to the democratic space which was a little ajar in the run up to May 15, 2005. These preconditions, if fulfilled, will certainly narrow the room for TPLF/EPRDF while they open up greater breathing space for the opposition.
Media and Information
1. Equal access for all opposition parties to state owned media
2. Equal time allocation (in the state owned media) for all political parties to announce their programmes to the public
3. Government financial support to political organizations in the opposition camp to finance advertising costs of airing or publishing information in the private print and broadcast media
4. Unhindered access for all Ethiopians to web cast media based both at home and abroad
5. Stopping government efforts to jam radios like VOA and DW Amharic programmes particularly when Ethiopians are highly sensitive about the political developments in their country in the run up to national elections 2010
6. Complete freedom for all Ethiopians back home to freely publish or air their concerns in the state owned media without any fear of repression or punishment from local cadres and apparatchiks
7. Free circulation of fliers and leaflets published by opposition parties in their effort to reach out the public and introduce their programmes
8. Freedom for all journalists to travel and penetrate into any part of the country to investigate and report on cases of civil and political rights abuses in connection with opposition members and supporters and their activities
9. Restore all the private news papers that were squeezed out of the market following the contested elections 2005 and allow them to continue their work of informing citizens
10. Reduce the skyrocketing publication cost imposed on private news papers and periodicals in attempt to undermine their financial capacity and limit the scope of their activities
11. Guarantee that the government will not disrupt the Short Messaging Services (short mobile text messages) as it did during and immediately after elections 2005
12. Allow opposition forces to make use of local/regional radio services including education transmission radios (particularly on weekends) to impart election related information to local residents since it is at woreda and kebele levels where most of the activities will be done
13. Issue directives to make it possible for opposition parties to relay important messages at social gatherings and religious congregations particularly in rural areas of the country since the rural community has limited access to the luxury of print, broadcast and web cast media
14. Allow oppositions to stage their programmes and policies at rural market towns, where, given the constraints mentioned in No.13, opposition parties will have the chance to address a diverse audience from various rural kebeles who in turn could carry the messages to their respective kebeles
15. Freedom for all rural teachers, medical practitioners, development agents and micro credit officers to choose and get involved in political activities which will enable the opposition to have easier and more effective means of outreaching rural Ethiopia
Political Prisoners
16. Release Chairman of Unity for Democracy and Justice Party, Judge Birtukan Midekssa, without any preconditions
17. Discharge the tens of thousands of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience held in various concentration camps including Dedesa, Shewa Robit, Zeway and Sheraro (I heard about Sheraro for the first time more than a decade ago when my childhood friends' fathers who had served in the Derg military rule were said to be held there. Till today nothing in known about them)
18. Free all journalists who have been arrested and detained for publishing critical editorials against the government
19. Stop the arrest and incarceration of opposition members and activists without warrant and without due process of law
20. Release all the 37 or so Ethiopians who were rounded up and detained based on trumped up charges of having "links with Ginbot 7 and attempting to assassinate high profile government officials."
NGOs
21. Rethink the so called CSO/NGO law passed by the rubber-stamp parliament in January 2009 whose primary objective is limiting the activities of NGO/CSO in promoting democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights
22. Lift the financial cap which discourages home grown NGOs from raising more than 10% of their revenue from abroad. Without enough fund, local NGOs could hardly play significant roles in combating corruption or advancing democratic culture
23. Remove all technical and political barriers against local and international NGOs which seek to contribute to building democratic institutions and good governance in the country
24. Allow humanitarian and charity organizations to resume their philanthropic operations in war-ravaged Ogaden region. The government must stop using famine as political weapon to put our Ogadeni brothers and sisters into submission. The opposition must ensure that the government revamps its position on local and foreign NGOs for one cannot go into elections with a ruling party that starves its own citizens through its bad policies and legislative smoke screen against NGOs
25. Lift all geographical barriers as to where local and foreign NGOs will have to concentrate their operations unless and otherwise such restriction is deemed dangerous for the wellbeing of NGO operatives (such potential conflict areas)
Human Rights and Human Rights Defenders
26. Stop the political pressure on Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO) which requires it to abandon its obsession with democracy and the rule of law and focus only on human rights--which is absurd since no one can talk about democracy or respect for human rights where the rule of law is non-existent
27. Give appropriate weight to reports on human rights situations in Ethiopia issued by the State Department, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Genocide Watch and other human rights organizations rather than engaging in a war of words which will only worsen the human rights situation in Ethiopia
28. Clear and unambiguous position regarding the much publicized government land deal with Khartoum and its implications on the basic human rights of Ethiopians inhabiting on our Western frontier bordering the Sudan, including their rights to till the land they possess and to get protection against attacks by the Sudanese armed forces. A ruling party which turns a blind eye on the plights of Ethiopians has no legitimate right to stay in power, let alone engage in periodic elections
29. Clear and unambiguous position on the horrendous human rights violations against our sisters being committed by petrodollar rich Arab countries, which is dramatically on the rise in the past few years. We all remember that in April 2008 the TPLF/EPRDF regime broke off diplomatic relations with the Gulf state of Qatar for Qatar's alleged indolent in arming and training terrorists in the Horn. The opposition must demand that the government recognize that the atrocities against our sisters are no different than terrorist acts
30. The government must officially promise that any unwarranted harassment, intimidation, arrest or detention of opposition members, supporters and sympathizers is a signal that 'the game is over!'
Electoral Board
31. A new electoral board must be established whose members constitute fair opposition presence, where at least one third of the members are opposition nominees
32. According to Article 104 sub article 2 of the current constitution, the electoral board is appointed by the House of Peoples' Representatives upon recommendation by the prime Minister. The opposition, having little or no confidence in the Prime Minister and his opaque regime, must demand that his recommendation include members of opposition forces to reflect and reinforce mutual confidence in the electoral process
33. Members of the electoral board shall be made up of professionals including lawyers, statisticians, geographers and political scientists who, in the course of discharging their duties and responsibilities, could make profound technical analysis and informed decisions and could also live up to some degree of professional ethics than lowly cadres and apparatchiks
34. Building the capacity of the electoral board such as the provision of training and logistic support to the board shall be made by independent local and international organizations and agencies which are concerned with the democratic political process in Ethiopia. This prevents the government from using its financial clout to influence the behaviour and actions of board members.
35. 'Without new and independent electoral board, no participation' should be the slogan of the opposition. Our opposition leaders need to recognize that partisan electoral board is the 'final straw' in their desperate bid to beat the TPLF/EPRDF regime.
Police, Security and the Army
36. Disband the special and ethnically oriented AGAZI death squad and re-form it in a manner that reflects the true and proportional composition of all ethnic groups. Such re-structuring will significantly weaken the strong link between the executive branch of the government and the AGAZI special force which are infested with people from the same ethnic group
37. Re-shuffle the high ranking military positions in the National Defence Forces more than 95% of which, as reported by Ginboat7 a few months ago, are occupied by Tigreans. The country’s two largest ethnic groups, Amhara and Oromo, deserve more places proportional to their ethnic make-up in the nation
38. The commander-in-chief of the Army must be the head of state of the country, namely, the President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, who, at least superficially, is independent. This requires amending the constitution which lavishly puts such power on the Prime Minister
39. Specific directives, rules and procedures must be designed and deployed to guide the activities and operations of the police and security forces in the country. The government must guarantee the opposition that its police and security forces will not haphazardly arrest and detain members and supporters of the opposition without warrant or concrete evidence that they were involved in destructive acts
40. Yeshi Filt Maseriyaw Lit—All the above preconditions are the bones and flesh of an expanded political landscape for the opposition to operate effectively. But Independent Court System is the soul! TPLF/EPRDF has four legs: a Kangaroo Court system, a special AGAZI Death Squad, a Puppet Electoral Board and a Voluble Charlatan (the party’s chairman). Forget the last leg; but without any change in the first three legs (Electoral board, Kangaroo Court and Agazi Death Squad) it is waste of time, energy and even human lives to engage TPLF/EPRDF in elections.
Get the forty preconditions fulfilled or No Elections!
Wondemhunegn Ezezew
bishangary@yahoo.com
Joke of the day: Strangers on a Train
A scientist gets on a train to go to New York. His cabin also has a poor farmer in it. To pass the time the scientist decides to play a game with the guy.
"I will ask you a question and if you get it wrong, you have to pay me one dollar. Then you ask me a question, and if I get it wrong, you get ten dollars. You ask me a question first." The farmer thinks for a while.
"I know. What has three legs, takes ten hours to climb up a palm tree, and ten seconds to get back down?" The scientist is confused and thinks long and hard about the question. Finally, the train ride is coming to an end. As it pulls into the station, the scientist takes out ten dollars and gives it to the farmer. "I don''t know. What has three legs, takes ten hours to get up a palm tree and ten seconds to get back down?"
The farmer takes the ten dollars and puts it into his pocket. He then takes out one dollar and hands it to the scientist.
"I don''t know."
August 24, 1:11 AMSan Jose Running ExaminerLynn WalkerPrevious
Next 7 comments
Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia can add the 5000m World Championship title to his collection after winning in Berlin
(AP Photo/Anja Niedringhaus) Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia has now possibly placed his name at the top of the list of the world's greatest distance runners of all-time. By winning the 5,000 meter at the World Championships in Berlin, to add with his 10,000 meter victory earlier in the week at the same Championships, Bekele has now won 3 World Track Championships, 3 Olympic Gold medals, 12 World Cross Country Championships and is the current world record holder in the 5,000 meter, 5,000 meter indoor, 10,000 meter, 2,000 meter indoor, and 2-mile indoor. Bekele has topped the accomplishments of countryman, Haile Gebrselassie, who was until now, perhaps the greatest distance runner of all-time.
Bekele set the pace for much of the 5,000 meter race, unlike the 10,000 meter where he was satisfied to allow others to lead. His strongest rival was defending 5,000 meter World Champion, Bernard Lagat of the US. Lagat positioned himself on the inside lane, just behind Bekele for the entire race, ready to follow if Bekele should ever surge to break away from the pack. Instead, Bekele kept the pack intact by leading at only a moderate pace. Coming into the final lap there were still 13 competitors in contention.
Bekele's final lap is generally deadly against his distance race opponents. He has miscalculated at least one famous time in the past, at the 2004 Athens Olympics, when he faced Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco in the finals of the 5,000 meter. Bekele had won the 10,000 meter and El Guerrouj had won the 1500 meter. With the meeting of the two in the 5,000 meter the popular thought was that Bekele would win easily if he set a fast pace and took the fast finishing sprint out of El Guerrouj. Instead, Bekele and the other Ethiopian front runners seemed to play perfectly into the scenario that favored El Guerrouj, and in the end the speed of the 1500 meter specialist was too much for even the fast last lap of Bekele.
The match up with Lagat looked to be something similar to the Athens 5,000 meter against El Guerrouj. Lagat had won both the 1500 and 5,000 meter races at the last World Championships, and had already taken third in the 1500 meter at this World Championships. With Lagat sticking to the back of Bekele during the 5,000 meter final, and Bekele declining to use his ability to set a blistering pace to take the sprint out of Lagat, observers wondered if Lagat would outkick Bekele down the final stretch. Coming around the final turn Lagat pulled alongside the sprinting Bekele. With 50 meters to go, Lagat briefly inched ahead of Bekele, but in the final 30-40 meters, Bekele pulled back ahead and Lagat broke his stride, coasting across the finish line beaten. Bekele had completed the double, the first time anyone had won both the 5,000 and 10,000 meter races at the same World Championships.
As the only person other than Usain Bolt to take two individual gold medals from this World Championships, Bekele was asked if he feels relegated to secondary importance in comparison. Bekele responded by saying his performance is in no way comparable to that of Bolt's, who in addition to two individual golds, also set two world records. Bekele said that is is only right that Bolt should receive so much more attention, and that what Bolt has done is good for the development of the sport. However, he has earlier said that he would be ready for an 800 meter contest between the 100-200 world champion and the 5,000-10,000 meter world champion, and that he (Bekele) would definitely beat him (Bolt) at that distance.
I agree with you! The West just doesn't get it. Today, there are more civilized as well as wealthy people outside of the Western hemisphere and the trend growing faster than one can imagine. It doesn't really matter anymore if America or Europe glorifies African, South American or Asian elite, very calm and most importantly dup (drug) free sports men or women!
August 24, 12:46 PM
Herman says:
David,
I am NOT SURE if kenenisa is the "# 1 sportman in world history" but he has definately achieved more than BOLT. The government of Germany should have awarded Kenenisa, not Bolt, in my opinion.
there are two reasons why people saw bolt as better than kenenisa
first of all western media is bias against african achievement and sometimes ignorant. (the west also fears it can never win in the distance races, a reason why some europeans are considering to drop cross country races all together. READ THIS www.nation.co.ke/sports/athletics/-/1100/644432/-/shawtjz/-/ ) So the west wants to glorify only what it can win.
secondly, there is something catchy about the title.. "FASTEST MAN ALIVE" or "Fastest man__" fill the blank
August 24, 12:23 PM
daniel says:
the other big difference between kenenisa and Usain is humblness. Kenenisa is a very humble person who doesn't believe in showing off too much either before or after any race. Great Man!
August 24, 9:54 AM
David says:
kenenisa is better than Bolt. kenenisa has more world championship golds over the years than bolt. by the way, kenenisa has more olympic individual gold than bolt too. kenenisa also has more records than bolt.
this is not even a fair competition.
also, after one or two years, expect bolt to lose his gold medal because of drug abuse like marion jones.
kenenisa is # 1 sportman in world history
August 24, 8:13 AM
wow, wow, says:
sensational! Amazing!
check it on You tube - Barlin Bekele 5000m
August 24, 7:04 AM
GR reviewer! says:
Since 1966 Ethiopia dominated the middle and long distance in superb ways. Hail G. Selassie of Ethiopia set 26 World Record since 1993 and he holds Marathon world record. His plan is to run Marathon under 2 house which I found is Impossible! But who knows about these Ethiopians! How about Ethiopian great women runners - they have pretty much great record winning and holding record after record. What is going on?
August 24, 5:38 AM
Zobul says:
Hey, I really want to see both Bolt and Bekele in a race, that is, 800 meter.
Drinking Politics
A man wearing a Democratic pin walks into a bar and sees a picture of President Bush hanging behind the bartender. He calls the bartender over and says, "You should take that picture down. George Bush is a blight upon this nation. He should be impeached."
The bartender, a life-long Republican, is completely offended. "Why you liberal piece of garbage. How dare you come into my bar and tell me how to run my business!"
"Listen, I'm the customer, so I'm always right." the man says. "That picture offends me, so I want you to take it down."
"That tears it," the bartender says, "How would you like it if I came into your bar and told you what to do?"
"Well, you'd be the customer, so you'd be right," the man says.
"Fine, then let's switch places," the bartender says.
So, they do. The man takes the bartender's place behind the bar, and the bartender walks outside, waits a moment, and then comes back inside. The bartender sits at the bar and says to the bar, "You should take that pin off. The Democrats are destroying our country with their liberal agenda."
"Sorry," the man says, "but we don't serve Republicans here."
First Class Blondie
A beautiful young blond woman boards a plane to LA with a ticket for the coach section. She looks at the seats in coach and then looks ahead to the first class seats. Seeing that the first class seats appear to be much larger and more comfortable, she moves forward to the last empty one. The flight attendant checks her ticket and tells the woman that her seat is in coach.
The blond replies, "I'm young, blond and beautiful, and I'm going to sit here all the way to LA."
Flustered, the flight attendant goes to the cockpit and informs the captain of the blond problem. The captain goes back and tells the woman that her assigned seat is in coach.
Again, the blond replies, "I'm young, blond and beautiful, and I'm going to sit here all the way to LA."
The captain doesn't want to cause a commotion, and so returns to the cockpit to discuss the blond with the co-pilot. The co-pilot says that he has a blond girlfriend, and that he can take care of the problem. He then goes back and briefly whispers something into the blonde's ear.
She immediately gets up, says, "Thank you so much," hugs the co-pilot, and rushes back to her seat in the coach section. The pilot and flight attendant, who were watching with rapt attention, together ask the co-pilot what he had said to the woman.
He replies, "I just told her that the first class section isn't going to LA."
Grass Eater
A man was riding in the back of his limousine when he saw a man eating grass by the roadside. He ordered his driver to stop and he got out to investigate.
"Why are you eating grass?" he asked the man.
"I don't have any money for food," the poor man replied.
"Oh, please come to my house!"
"But sir, I have a wife and four children..."
"Bring them along!" the rich man said.
They all climbed into the limo. Once underway, the poor fellow said, "Sir, you are too kind. Thank you for taking all of us in."
The rich man replied, "No, you don't understand. The grass at my house is over three feet tall!"
Joke of the day: Strangers on a Train
A scientist gets on a train to go to New York. His cabin also has a poor farmer in it. To pass the time the scientist decides to play a game with the guy.
"I will ask you a question and if you get it wrong, you have to pay me one dollar. Then you ask me a question, and if I get it wrong, you get ten dollars. You ask me a question first." The farmer thinks for a while.
"I know. What has three legs, takes ten hours to climb up a palm tree, and ten seconds to get back down?" The scientist is confused and thinks long and hard about the question. Finally, the train ride is coming to an end. As it pulls into the station, the scientist takes out ten dollars and gives it to the farmer.
"I don''t know. What has three legs, takes ten hours to get up a palm tree and ten seconds to get back down?"
The farmer takes the ten dollars and puts it into his pocket. He then takes out one dollar and hands it to the scientist.
"I don''t know."
"á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ፣á˛ááłáśááŤá፣ ááááĽáľ...
SUNDAY, 02 AUGUST 2009
"á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ፣á˛ááłáśááŤá፣ ááááĽáľ áĽáá˛áŤáá áááá áĽá á¨áááááá
[ááá]"
á áś á
áŠá á°áľá áŁáአá¨á°áá ááŁá¤ á¤ááľáŤ (á¨á¤ááľáŤ áŽáááŹáľ ááá˛) ááááá á áá¸á፡፡ á áŁáłá¸á "á ááľááľ áá ááľ" á áá á˛áááłááą á¨áá áŠá á¤ááľáŤ áá° á˘áľáŽáľáŤ á áá´áŹá˝á áľáľá áááá á¨á¤ááľáŤ á᪠áá áŠ፡፡
13 á¨ááá˛áŤ ááá˛áá˝ á áŁá á¨ááá áľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á˛áááŤá˛áŤá áŞáłá (áĽáá¨áľ) á á
áᥠ"á¨á¤ááľáŤ áĽááŤá áŽááá¨ááľ" áááŤááľ áĽá¨á°áááłáá° á˛áá áĽáá¨áą áŽááá¨ááąá á áľááááś á¨á
áľá ááá
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áŠá áľáĽá°áŁáá á áłáá˘ááľ á°áłáľááá፡፡
áľá á°áááááš áĽáá
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áłá áááł á áľááááś á¨áá ááá˝ á ááááŻá¸áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áŁááá áááľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á´áááŤá˛áŤá áŞáłá ááŁá¤ á˛áŤáŤááľ á¨áĽááľá ááᲠáłáᢠáá áá á á¨á°áłá°áá፡፡ á ááá á á°áŤáá°á áľáĽá°áŁ áłáᢠáá áá á¨á°áłá°áá፡፡ ááá?
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áŞááá°á፡- áŚáľáľ áá áľáááŤá˝á áá áááľ áá ááááŤáľ á á?
á áś á
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áĽááá፡፡ ááłá á¨á°á°á áá áááá áá á¨áĽá áááľ áá፡፡ áááŁá¤ ááá
áľ á˘áŤááľ áŚáľáľ áá áŤáľáááá፡፡ áŚáľáľ áá ááľá°á ááŁá¤áŤá˝áá áĽáááą áŤáłá¸á á á°áłá°áá áľ á áŤáá°áá፡፡ áŚáľáľ áá á¨ááá
áľ áá ááŁá áá á¨á áľ፡፡ áá
áá áŁáááľá¨áá¸á á¨áá áľá
á°áľ áá˝ááá áááľ áá፡፡ ááá°áá áŤáá¨áĄáľ ááááŤáľ áááľ ááá¨áá á˝ááááá˝ á ááá°á¨áŠá áá፡፡ áá áĽáá°áá
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áŞááá°á፡- á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááá áľáá
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á ááá áŽááá¨ááą ááŤááłá? áá á á˛áľ ááá áá á áá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- áľáá á°áľáá˝á ááŤááłá á¨áá áá፡፡ ááá áá á áááłá˝áá á áŽááá¨ááą ááŤá¨á áľáá
ááŠááľ á á፡፡ á áľá°áŁáŁáŞ áŽáá´ á˝ááá á áŞáłá á¨á°áá¨á á¨áá á¨áŞáłá ááŁá¤ ááá áá áááľ áá፡፡ á¨ááἠááŁá¤ áá á¨á°áŁá ááá á áŤááľ á ááá
áŽáá´á ááľáĽ ááá á ááŁá¸á፡፡ áĽááą á ááá áľ á¨áŞáłá ááŁá¤ á°áĽá áá ፠áá˝áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á ááá
áŽáá´á á¨áŞáłá á áľááá áŽáá´ ááááŁá áá á¨á°áŁáá፡፡ áá
áľáá°áŁá፣ á áá á¨áááᥠá¤ááľáŤááŤá ááá áĽáá°áá á¨áŞáłá áľáĽá°áŁ ááá áá áĽáŤá á áááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áááŁá ááŁá á˛áŁá áá áááľ áá? á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááἠá áá ááአáá á áŽááá¨ááą á°áłáłá á¨áááá?
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á¤ááľáŤááŤá á á°ááŤáŠ á áŤááľ áááá
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áśá˝á á á፡፡ áĽááą áŤáá°áłá°á á á áááá á áłáłá á¨áá áĽááŤá áŽááá¨ááľ á°áŤáá° áááľ á áŁá á áľá¸á᪠áá፡፡ áááŤáá áĽáá˛áá á áá áá ááŤááą áá˝áá፡፡ áĽááá
áá áŤáááĄ፣ á¨ááŁá¤á á áááá˝፣ á¨áŞáłá ááŞáá˝ á°áá ááá á ááŤááááľ áááľ áá፡፡ áĽááá
á áľááá á¨áá áĽááááá˝ áŤáá°áá°áą áĽááŤá áŽááá¨ááľ á°áŤáá° áááľ á áľá¸á᪠áááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- ááŁá¤ á¨ááŤááľá áľ áŚáłá áá á°ááľáá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á á ááľ áááľ áá ááľáĽ á°áĽáá፡፡ áá
á áŤáą á áľá¸á᪠áá፡፡ á á ááľ áááľ ááľáĽ á¨á áś á˘áłáŤáľ áá áá Ꭰá¨á°á°á¨á áááľáá፡፡ á áľááľá á˘á°á¨á áľáá áĽá¨á áá¨á¨ áááľ áá á፡፡ ááá ááá á¨á°áľá°áŤá¨á áááľá á á ááľ áááľ ááááá áááľ á áľá¸á᪠áá፡፡ á¨áľáá áá ááŤááá፡፡ á á°áἠá áá°áŤá
á፡፡ áŽááá¨ááľ á¨ááááá á á áá áá á°ááá
áś á¨á áĽááŤáá á ááŁááá á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááŹáľ ááľááá
áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¨á˘áłááŤáľ áá áá ᎠáŤá áááľá á˛á á á ááľ áááľ áá ááľáĽ á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ ááááłá á¨áá áááľ á áááľ?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á áá°áá፡፡ á ááľ áááľ á¨ááááą á ááľ á á áá áá á˘ááá
ááťáá ááááľ áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áŁáŤááłá˝áá¸á ááŁá¤áá˝ áá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ á¨ááἠá°ááĽáá፣ áááľá
á°ááá§á áľááá˝á፡፡ á á áá ááááŤá˝á á°áá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ á¨á ááŞáąá á
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ááá á¨áá á á
á á
áá ááá áááľ á áá¸á?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á ááááŞáŤ á áá° á¨á ááľá¨á "áľáá ááá" á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ áááľá
á°ááá§á á¨áá áá፡፡ á áá áŤááá áľ áá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ፣á˛ááłáśááŤá፣ ááááĽáľ áĽáá˛áŤáá ááááá á¨áááááá
á¨ááá áľ áá፡፡ ááᥠá°áá§á á˛áŁá ááŤáŁ፣ ááᥠá°á°á°á° á˛áŁá áá°á°áł áĽáŤá፣ "á¨áĽá áááááľ ááş áŤáá˝á á¤ááľáŤ áᤠááá á áĽáť áá፣ áááááľ á¨áááá áŤá ááá˝ áĽáá°ááŤá°áááľ áá á áá ááś áá áá áá á" áá á¨áĽáą á áá፡፡ á¨áĽá á áá፣ á á°áá á á áá áľáĽá°áŁ á°ááá¨áá፡፡ áĽáŁáŤá˝á "á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ áááľá
á°ááá§á" á¨áá ááá á˘áá ááťáá á¨ááá ááłáĽ ááá á¨á°áá áá áááľáá፡፡ á áĽááἠá¨á°á áá¨á¨á áąááá áá፤ á¨ááá˝á á ááŠá áá áĽá¨áá° áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áłá˛áŤ፣ á¨ááᥠáá°á°áľ áĽáť áłááá á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááłá°áŽá˝á áĽá¨áŽá áá áŁáá áľ áááł á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ á¨á áá á°á áááŻá áááľ áĽáá˝ááá?
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áŠá፡- á¨ááááá áĽáą á áá°áá áĽáá´? á¨ááá°á ááŁáŞáŤáá áĽá áá áĽáá ááŁáŞáŤáá áá á¨áľá°á°áá˝ áá á˘á°áłá°á ááŽá á¨áĽáą ááááĽáľ áááľá
áá˝áá á¨áá áááľ áĽááá°á ááá áá˝áá፡፡ áá áľáá áŠá á°áťáᎠáĽáá´áľ á áľáá ááŽáŹá ááťá˝á áĽá˝ááá áá ááłáĄ፡፡ á˘áłáŤáľ á¨áá á¨áááá áľ áąáá á áŁá á á áááŻá áááľ áá፡፡ á¨áĽáą áá áŤááľ áááŤáá˝ á°áá ááĽá
áá¸á ááá á áá ááááŤáľ áá
á á áá ááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áľááŁá áá áŤáá ááááĽáľ á¨á°á áá¨á¨ áĽá á ááá á¨áááááľ áá áŤáá˝ááľ áá
áá ááá á¨áááŁá á á á˛áľ áľáľáŤá´á ááá á áááŁá˝áá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- "á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľ" á¨ááŁááá ááłáĽ á á°áἠá¨á°á áŤá áľ ááááŞáŤ á¨áá á áá ááááĽáłáľ ááá ááľ áĽá á¨á˛áááᲠáĽáá
á áŤááá፡፡ á áááá á¨á°ááŤáŠ áľáá ááŤá°ááááľ áá˝áá፡፡ ááá áá á áá ááľáĽ áŤáá á¤ááľáŤá áĽáŠ á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľ á áá፣ áĽáá áá
á áŤá á áĽáŽáľ ááááá áĽáá˝ááá áĽá á¨ááłáá ááááľ áááĽáááľ áá˝áá፡፡ á áá á¨áá°á¨áá áŽááá¨ááľ "á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľ" áááá á á¨ááá˝á á¨áá áŤá á¨á°ááá°á ááááľ áááŁá á¨ááŁáá áááá፡፡ áĽáą á°áá á¨ááŤááŁá ááἠá¨áá á¨áá áá¸á á áĽááááš፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- ááá áá á°ááááá˝ á á ááľ áááĽá (áŞáłá) áĽá á˘áááłááąá áá° á¨á፠ááľá¨á áá°áŁá°áĽ á ááťáá፣ á¨á°á áłá°á áá¸á፡፡ á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľá áááá á á¨ááŤáľá˝á á¨á፠áááá áááŤá¸áá?
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áŠá፡- á
áľá áĽááłááŠá
፣ á¨á°ááŤáŠ á¨á
áĽá¨á°á°áĽ áááá˝ á áŽááá¨ááľ á°áłáłá á¨áá á¨á፠á¸áá ááá ááŁá¤ ááá á áá˝áá፡፡ áá áááľ á¨áŞáłá áá á áĽáŽ á¨áá ፠á á˛áľ ááá ááĽáˇá áááľ áá፡፡ áŞáłáá ááἠá°áá
á°áá áááľ áá፡፡ ááá°áá á°áá ááááĽáľ á˛áá á áŤá˘áá ááá áŤá፡፡ áŤá˘áá á¨á°á ááąáľ áááá˝á ááá˛áá˝ áááá ááá¨áá፡፡ á¨ááᲠááŞáá˝ á¨ááľ á¨áŤá˘áá ááŞáá˝ áááá áááľ á áá°áá፡፡ á áá
á ááŁáĽ "á áááá˝" á¨ááááĽáąá ááŞáá˝ ááá áá˝áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á á˘áľáŽ-á¤ááľáŤ áľáá á áááľ áá áĽááśá˝ áŤáááŁá፡፡ á á áá áá
áľ á á˛áľ ááá á á?
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áŠá፡- á ááłááľ ááťáťáá˝ áŤá áááľáá፡፡ á á ááŁááá á¨á áĽá፠ááááĽáľá ááá á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááŞáá˝ áá á¨á°áŁá ááá áá፡፡ ááá á áá á/á¤áą áĽá á¨ááźáŤáá áĽááá° á¨á¤áľ áĽáŤá˝áá á áá áááá˝áá፡፡ áľáľáááá áá áĽáŠá áĽáá፡፡ á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ á /áááľáľá á¨áá¨á áŁá á ááľáľ ááĽáŚá˝ á¨áááľá ááłáĽ áá á¨፡፡ áá áĽáá áĽááááá áá áŤááľ፡፡ á ááá áá áĽáá áŤáá°áááአá¨áľáá አáááľ áááł á áá˝áá፡፡ á áá áá á¨á¤ááľáŤá á ááŁááá á¨ááŁá áááľáá፡፡ áĽá áá á¨á á°áĽá ááłá áŤááłá፡፡ áá áĽáá áĽááááá á¨áá ááááľá á á፡፡ áĽááá
ááááśá˝ ááłáŤá፡፡ á¨áááŤáĽ áááŚá˝ áŤáá áĽá áĽáá°áá á¨á°ááŤáŠ á°á
áááá˝ áá áĽááłá áłáŤáá
፡፡ ááĽá á°á áĽáá°áá áĽáŽ áĽááááá áá á áĽáą á¨áááą áĽáŤááá˝ á á ááá፡፡ áľá áśáááŤ፣ áłááá á áĽáą áá áá á¨ááľ áá፡፡ áĽáŁáŤá˝áá á¨áľáá አááłáŠ áĽáŠáá ááá፡፡ ááááŞáŤ áá áĽáá
á°á°áŤá°á áááłá፡፡ á¨á፠á áá ááá á áá áá
á á¨á°áĽ á ááłáŠ áá ááááŁáľ ááááľ ááá¨á áá˝áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áá á¨áááŤáŁááŤá á°á
áá áĽáŽ á¨áᨠáá፡፡ á á˛áľ ááááśá˝ á á áŤáá áá ááá
á áá°áá፤
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áŠá፡- á áá áááŞáŤ á áŁ፡፡ áááŞáŤáá á°áá áááá á áá áľ፡፡ áĽáá° áľáŽ áŁáá áľ ááá á á áá˝áá፡፡ á¨áŚáŁá á áľá°áłá°á áá áłáá áá ááľá¨á áĽá˝ááá á¨áá áá¨áŤ áĽáŤáŤáá° áá፡፡ á°áĽáłá¤áá˝á áá
áá፤ á áľá´áľ á˛áááľáááą á áŠá áááłá¨á
ááá áĽááłáá áĽáŤáłá¨ áá፡፡ á ááŞáŤáá ááłá°áĽ á ááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¨ááĽáłá ááá á¤áľ á áśáá፠áŁáá á áááŁáą ááááŤáľ á á¤ááľáŤ ááááĽáľ áá áááἠáááŁá áĽá¨áá° áá፡፡ áá
á°ááŁáŤá á¨ááá á¨áá á á¤ááľáŤ áĽá á ááŁáá áá ááááľ áĽáá°ááł áááŤá?
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áŠá፡- á¨áááᥠáĽáŤá áĽáá˛á á˝á á¨ááŁá á áá°áá፡፡ á°ááŹáá á¨áĽá áá áááŁáŁáľ á¨ááá áĽáá á¨áĽáą áá á¨ááááŁáŁá áľ ááááŤáľ á¨áá፣ á áááŁáŁáľ áá á°á
áá ááłá°á á¨ááá˝áá፡ á¨áá á áááŤáŁááŤá á áŠá á á፡፡ á á ááľ á áŠá á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áá áá áĽáá
á°áááá á¨áá áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á¨áśáááŤá á˝áá áááťá áá áá፡፡ á¨áľáá አáááľ á˛ááł áááá áááłá፡፡ á ááŁáá áŤáá áľáá áááľ áĽáą áá፡፡ á˘áłááŤáľ á áśáá፠áŁáá á¨áááŁá á˘áľáŽáľáŤá áááłá¨á áá፡፡ á áľá¸á᪠á°á á˘ááá፣ áľáŽá áĽáá á¨ááŤá°ááááľ áľááá á¨፣ á¨áĽáá¸á áĽáá˛áᣠá ááááá፡፡ ááá áááľáá á áááąá ááááĽáľ áááŤá áááľ á¨áá°á¨á áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á¨áááą áááť áŁáľá (ááŹáľ) áĽáť á áá°áá፡፡ á¨áŚáááą á ááłáľ áĽáá´áľ áá? á¨ááá á¨ááááŞáŤ á áááł ááá á áá áľ፡፡ á¨áľáá አáááľ á¨á°ááł á áá áááá áĽáá´áľ áá á¨áááá¨á? á¨áá áĽáŤá ááááľ á áá áľ፡፡ áááŽá˝á ááŁáŤáľ áŤáľáááá፡፡ á¨á፠á áá á¨áľáá አááłá á´áááŤááá á¨áááá፡፡ á¨áááľ á¤áą ááłá á˝áá á¨áá áľá፡፡ á ááłááľ ááłá¨á áŤááŁá¸á áá áááłáłá¸á á áááá፡፡ áĽááá
á á/á¤áą ááłá áłááá፣ á áá áĽá á áľááľá áá á¨áááąáľ፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á áá á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áľááŁá áá áŤáá ááááĽáľ á á°áĽá á á°ááá¨á° á á°ááááá˝á á á ááłááľ áááá˝ áĽá¨á°ááá° áá፡፡ áá á¨áľááľáŠ á áŤá ááá áá˝áá?
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áŠá፡- á¨á á°áĽ ááłá á¨áľááľá áĽáŤá á áá°áá፡፡ á¨áľááááľ ááłá áá፡፡ á¨áááąá ááááĽáłáľ áĽá á¨áĽáᨠá áá áá á¨áłá áĽáŤá áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á¨á áá ááἠáĽá
á á°áťáᎠá á¤ááľáŤ áĽá á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááĽáłáľ ááŤá¨á á¨áá°á¨á áľááááľ á áááá፡፡ á ááťááá፡፡ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áááĽá ááááĽáľ á á°áĽá á ááá á áááá°áłá¸á áá áá áŤá
á á¨áá á ááŁáŞáá˝ áááá¸áá á¨ááŤáłá áá፡፡ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááĽáľá á¨áᲠáá á¨áá á°áá˝ áááŠá á áĽáĽá á á áľááľ á¨á°ááá¨áąáľ áááľááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ áŤááľ ááá á°ááááá˝ á á°áĽ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ á áŤá áá áĽáá á¨ááŤáá áá¸á፡፡ á¨áľááľá ááłá á áááá áŤáá፣ áĽááá
áááá˝ áááŤáá á˘áŤá¸áá ááłáŠ áá° áŚáááľ á áŤááŤá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- ááá
áĽáŽ áá á¨áľááááľ ááłá áá áŤááŠáľ፡፡ áá áááľ á¨áĽá
á áááŞáŤáá˝ áá á°ááľá°á á¤ááľáŤááŤá áĽá á˘áľáŽáľáŤááŤá áĽáá°ááá á¨á áá ááἠá áĽá¨á áááŤá¨áľ á ááŁá¸á áááľ áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ á ááłááľ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááĽáľ á°ááááá˝ áĽá¨á°áááłááą áá፤ áĽáá
á áĽááá° áĽá¨á°áááłááłá˝á áá፡፡ áľááá áááľá áá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- áĽáá
áŤááľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááááá˝ á¨ááŤááąáľ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áĽáŤá áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áĽááąá áĽáŽ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áĽáŤá á¨ááŤááą áá¸á፤
á áś á
áŠá፡- ááá áá˝áá፡፡ ááá áá á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ ááá˛áá˝ á°á°áŤá
á°á á¨ááááłááąá áľ áá ááááĽáľ á°ááá§á፡፡ áĽáá áá á¨á°ááá (áĽáąá áŤáá°áá) áá ááááĽáľ áŽáá˛á ááľáĽ á¨á°ááá áá፡፡ á áĽá፠áŤááľ á°ááááá˝ áá áĽáááľ á á´áááŤá˛ á¨ááŤáá á¨áá (ááá ááľááśá˝ á˘ááŠá) áĽáá
ááá áŤáłá¸áá á¨áá°áŤááľ ááľá á áá¸á፡፡ áĽá á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ áá ááľá á¨ááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áá ááŤáł áááłáľ áĽá ááľáááľ á¨ááá á¨ááĄ፣ áááąá á¨á¤ááľáŤ áĽá á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áľáá
áśá˝ áááᥠá¨á°á á ááá áŤá
á á´áááŤá˛ á ááá áŠá á¨áá áľá˝áśá˝á á á፤
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áŠá፡- áĽááἠáá፡፡ áááłá á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ á¨18 áááľ á áá á¨ááá¨á á´áááŤá˛ á¨áá፡፡ á ááŁáááááľ áá áŤáá፡፡ áłááŽáš áá áĽáľá á¤áľ ááľáĽ áá á¨ááááľ፡፡ á¨á°áá°áá á á፡፡ áĽááłá á´áááŤá˛፣ á¨á´áááŤá˛ á˝áłá á¨áá፡፡ á ááĽáá á áŠá áá á áťáá˘áŤ á áŠá ááá ááá á¨á´áááŤá˛ ááŽááŤáá˝ áá áŠá፡፡ ááĽá áľááŁá áá á˘áá áᎠá¨ááááá á ááá
á፡፡ á¨áťáá˘áŤ áá á¨ááá¨á áá፡፡ áá° á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áľááᣠááĽá áááłáľ á ááá áááĽáľááľ á¨á°ááá˝ á áá ááľ፡፡ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áŽáŤ á áá°á á ááá
á፡፡ á¨ááŤá á áá ááłá°áŽáš áá ááá á°ááĽá°á á¨á´áááŤá˛ á˝áł á ááłáŠáá፡፡ á áá áá áááááŞáŤ áá á´áááŤá˛ ááá á áá áľ á°áĽá áĽá¨áľ áá°á¨á á ááľ ááá áá፡፡ áľááą áá á¨áááĄá á¨áľááŁá ááłá áááľááá፡፡ á¨á°ááá áááá˝á áááááľ áá፡፡ áŤáłá¸á á´áááŤá˛áŤááŤá ááá፣ áĽá á¨ááá¨á á´áááŤá˛ áĽáá˛á
áá áĽáá áááłá°á á ááŁá¸á áĽáá áĽá¤áľá
áá á°áĽá á´áááŤá˛ á áááŁá፡፡ á´áááŤá˛ á¨á°áťá á áľá°áłá°áĽá á ááŤá á¨áááŁáľá á¨áá°áŤá°áá ááłá áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ á ááááĽáľá á á°ááááá˝ ááŤá¨á á ááłáá´ áá°áŤá°á á á፡፡ á´áááŤá˛ á¨áľááľá áá¤áľ áá áŤáá፣ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááááá˝áľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááááĽáľ áá ááá°áŤá°á áá áŤá
á ááá áá˝á?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á˘áłááŤáľ áĽáľá¨ á áá á¨ááá á°ááááá˝ á á á˛áŁá "á¨áá á°ááááá˝?" áá፡፡ áĽáá
á áŤááá°áĽá
á áŤá áá áá°áŤá°á á ááťáá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á ááľ á°á áĽáťáá á´áááŤá˛áŤáá á ááŁáááá ááá á áá˝áá፡፡ á¨áŁá
á á˘áŤááľ á°áá á¨áááá ááá፠áá፡፡ á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ á˘áłááŤáľ áĽáťáá áá á ááŁááá áááľ".?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á áá áŤáá á ááŁáááááľ á áľáĽá
áľáá áá á¨áłáá áá á¨áááľáá፡፡ áŤá ááአá¨áá አá ááá áľááŁá áá áŤá áá¸á፡፡ áĽááἠá¨ááŤá¨áá¸á á áĽááááš áłáľá¨áá፡፡ á ááłááśášá áá°áá፡፡ á¨á°ááŠáľ áá á ááá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááá ááŞáá˝ á¨áá አáá¸á፡፡ á áá á˘áłááŤáľ á´áááŤáľ á˘áá áᎠáĽááąá á´áááŤáľ ááá áá á ááá´ áá፡፡ á ááŁáááááą á¨áá á¨á°áá ᨠáá፤ á¨ááᥠáŁá
á ááá á áľá°áłá°áĽ á áá°áá፡፡ á´áááŤá˛á á¨ááŤá°á ááááááĽáľá áá፠áá፡፡ áĽáąá á°áá á°áá፡፡ áááľ á˘áá áĽá áá፠á˘á°á¨á á¨á´áááŤá˛ ááľáŽáśá˝ áá¨ááą áá á፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááááá˝ ááá á˘áłááŤáľá á áľáááłá˝á áľááŁá ááŤá áá፡፡ á áá ááááŤáľ á áá ááá áĽáá˛áááľáá˝á áľááááá˝á?
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áŠá፡- ááááŞáŤ á¨áá ááááĽáľ á¨á¤ááľáŤá á ááŁááá áááŁá á¨ááá á áŤáą ááááŤáľ áá áĽáá á áĽá ááááŤáľ ááá á áá˝áá፡፡ á¨áĽá áĽáŤááá˝ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áĽáŤááá˝ áá¸á፡፡ ááá°á፣ á ááŁááá á áá፠á¨áá°á áĽáá°áá áá áĽá á°ááááá˝ á¨á ááŤá˝á ááłá áŤáłá˝á áĽáááŤááá áááłá˝á á áááá፡፡ á¨áááŤá áá¤áľ á ááŁáááá á¨áŁá á¨á°áá¨áá áĽá áá á¨ááááŤá ááá´ áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- ááἠáŁááá áá˝ááľ?
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áŠá፡- áĽáá áŤáá°áá áá áĽáá°áá á°áá á¨áŤáą ááááĽáľ áá°ááá፡፡
"á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ፣á˛ááłáśááŤá፣ ááááĽáľ...
SUNDAY, 02 AUGUST 2009
"á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ፣á˛ááłáśááŤá፣ ááááĽáľ áĽáá˛áŤáá áááá áĽá á¨áááááá
[ááá]"
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áŠá á°áľá áŁáአá¨á°áá ááŁá¤ á¤ááľáŤ (á¨á¤ááľáŤ áŽáááŹáľ ááá˛) ááááá á áá¸á፡፡ á áŁáłá¸á "á ááľááľ áá ááľ" á áá á˛áááłááą á¨áá áŠá á¤ááľáŤ áá° á˘áľáŽáľáŤ á áá´áŹá˝á áľáľá áááá á¨á¤ááľáŤ á᪠áá áŠ፡፡
13 á¨ááá˛áŤ ááá˛áá˝ á áŁá á¨ááá áľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á˛áááŤá˛áŤá áŞáłá (áĽáá¨áľ) á á
áᥠ"á¨á¤ááľáŤ áĽááŤá áŽááá¨ááľ" áááŤááľ áĽá¨á°áááłáá° á˛áá áĽáá¨áą áŽááá¨ááąá á áľááááś á¨á
áľá ááá
áľ ááá° áĽááľ á áŤááˇá፡፡ á áś á
áŠá áľáĽá°áŁáá á áłáá˘ááľ á°áłáľááá፡፡
áľá á°áááááš áĽáá
áľáá´፣ áŽááá¨ááą áááľ፣ áľáá˘áľáŽ-á¤ááľáŤ á¨áľáá á áááľá á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ áľááá áá
áłá áááł á áľááááś á¨áá ááá˝ á ááááŻá¸áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áŁááá áááľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á´áááŤá˛áŤá áŞáłá ááŁá¤ á˛áŤáŤááľ á¨áĽááľá ááᲠáłáᢠáá áá á á¨á°áłá°áá፡፡ á ááá á á°áŤáá°á áľáĽá°áŁ áłáᢠáá áá á¨á°áłá°áá፡፡ ááá?
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áŠá፡- "áŞáłá" á¨á°áŁáá áááĽá á¨áĽáá ááᲠá ááá áá áŤá á áŤáľ áááą áá፡፡ á á¨áááą á áŁáááľ áĽáá áááá፤ á á°ááŤáŠ ááááŤáśá˝ á ááá áá ááá፡፡ á ááá áĽáá°á°ááá°á á áŁá áĽááľááá á ááá áá á፡፡ áŽááá¨áłá˝áá á ááá á°áĽááá፡፡ áá áá á ááľ áááľ áá á¨ááá፡፡ áśáľáľ áá áááŤá˝áá፣ á ááá áá á áá፡፡ á ááłááą á°á á°á°ááá§á፡፡ áááľá áá ááአáĽáŤá áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áŚáľáľ áá áľáááŤá˝á áá áááľ áá ááááŤáľ á á?
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áŠá፡- áá ááááŤáľ áŁáááἠááťáá፡፡ ááááŤáąá áááá ááá á¨á°ááŤáŠ áááśá˝ áĽááłáááĽá áĽááą áŁááľ áĽáť áĽáááľ ááťáá፡፡ áĽááą á¨áááľ ááŁá¤áŤá˝áá á áŤááą áá፡፡ á á ááľ áááľ ááľáĽ ááŁá¤ áááá
áĽááá፡፡ ááłá á¨á°á°á áá áááá áá á¨áĽá áááľ áá፡፡ áááŁá¤ ááá
áľ á˘áŤááľ áŚáľáľ áá áŤáľáááá፡፡ áŚáľáľ áá ááľá°á ááŁá¤áŤá˝áá áĽáááą áŤáłá¸á á á°áłá°áá áľ á áŤáá°áá፡፡ áŚáľáľ áá á¨ááá
áľ áá ááŁá áá á¨á áľ፡፡ áá
áá áŁáááľá¨áá¸á á¨áá áľá
á°áľ áá˝ááá áááľ áá፡፡ ááá°áá áŤáá¨áĄáľ ááááŤáľ áááľ ááá¨áá á˝ááááá˝ á ááá°á¨áŠá áá፡፡ áá áĽáá°áá
á ááá፡፡ áá á¨ááá áááľ á¨áŞáłá á áŁáá˝ ááŁá¤ á˛á°á¨á ááĽá°á ááłáἠá ááŁá¸á áá፡፡ á áááąá á°áłáľá°áá፡፡ á¨á ááľ áááľ á áá áľááá°á á°áĄ á á°ááá᪠á°áĽáłá¤ ááá á˘áŤááá¸á ááťáá፡፡ ááá˝áá á áĽá¨á á áľá፠áŤááá á ááŁááá áĽáááĽá ááá¨áŁá፡፡ áľááá˝ ááááŤáśá á ááĽáś áłááŽá˝á á¨áľáá á¨ááľáááľ፣ á áĽá¨á áĽááłáá áááą ááťá áá á፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááá áľáá
áśá˝ ááŁá¤ á áŤááą á¨áá áá á°á°ááá áá°áá፡፡ á ááá á°áá á°áŁáá°áá ááŁáá፡፡ á¨áá
á ááá áŽááá¨ááą ááŤááłá? áá á á˛áľ ááá áá á áá?
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áŠá፡- áľáá á°áľáá˝á ááŤááłá á¨áá áá፡፡ ááá áá á áááłá˝áá á áŽááá¨ááą ááŤá¨á áľáá
ááŠááľ á á፡፡ á áľá°áŁáŁáŞ áŽáá´ á˝ááá á áŞáłá á¨á°áá¨á á¨áá á¨áŞáłá ááŁá¤ ááá áá áááľ áá፡፡ á¨ááἠááŁá¤ áá á¨á°áŁá ááá á áŤááľ á ááá
áŽáá´á ááľáĽ ááá á ááŁá¸á፡፡ áĽááą á ááá áľ á¨áŞáłá ááŁá¤ á°áĽá áá ፠áá˝áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á ááá
áŽáá´á á¨áŞáłá á áľááá áŽáá´ ááááŁá áá á¨á°áŁáá፡፡ áá
áľáá°áŁá፣ á áá á¨áááᥠá¤ááľáŤááŤá ááá áĽáá°áá á¨áŞáłá áľáĽá°áŁ ááá áá áĽáŤá á áááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áááŁá ááŁá á˛áŁá áá áááľ áá? á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááἠá áá ááአáá á áŽááá¨ááą á°áłáłá á¨áááá?
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áŠá፡- áá á áá áŤáá፣ á á°áá áąáłá ááľáĽ á¨áááá áááľ ááľáĽ áŤáľááŁá á¨áá á¨ááá˝ á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááἠá áŤááľá፡፡ á áŁá á°á áá፡፡ áĽá"á
á¤ááľáŤááŤá á á°ááŤáŠ á áŤááľ áááá
áá˝áá፡፡ áľá°á°áá˝ á ááľ á áŤá áá¸á áĽá á¨áŤáłá¸á ááŞáá˝ á¨ááľ ááá¨áĽ á ááŁá¸á፡፡ á á ááľáľáŤááŤ፣ á á ááŞáŤ፣ á ááŤá¨áá ááĽáŤá
áŤááľ á¨áŤáłá¸á á°ááŤáŽá˝ ááá á áŤáááŠ፣ ááŁá¤ áá áĽá áááĽáŤáľ áŤáłááłá፡፡ áŞáłá ááľáĽ á¨áá á¨ááá˛áŤ áľáá
áśá˝á á á፡፡ áĽááą áŤáá°áłá°á á á áááá á áłáłá á¨áá áĽááŤá áŽááá¨ááľ á°áŤáá° áááľ á áŁá á áľá¸á᪠áá፡፡ áááŤáá áĽáá˛áá á áá áá ááŤááą áá˝áá፡፡ áĽááá
áá áŤáááĄ፣ á¨ááŁá¤á á áááá˝፣ á¨áŞáłá ááŞáá˝ á°áá ááá á ááŤááááľ áááľ áá፡፡ áĽááá
á áľááá á¨áá áĽááááá˝ áŤáá°áá°áą áĽááŤá áŽááá¨ááľ á°áŤáá° áááľ á áľá¸á᪠áááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- ááŁá¤ á¨ááŤááľá áľ áŚáłá áá á°ááľáá?
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áŠá፡- á á ááľ áááľ áá ááľáĽ á°áĽáá፡፡ áá
á áŤáą á áľá¸á᪠áá፡፡ á á ááľ áááľ ááľáĽ á¨á áś á˘áłáŤáľ áá áá Ꭰá¨á°á°á¨á áááľáá፡፡ á áľááľá á˘á°á¨á áľáá áĽá¨á áá¨á¨ áááľ áá á፡፡ ááá ááá á¨á°áľá°áŤá¨á áááľá á á ááľ áááľ ááááá áááľ á áľá¸á᪠áá፡፡ á¨áľáá áá ááŤááá፡፡ á á°áἠá áá°áŤá
á፡፡ áŽááá¨ááľ á¨ááááá á á áá áá á°ááá
áś á¨á áĽááŤáá á ááŁááá á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááŹáľ ááľááá
áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¨á˘áłááŤáľ áá áá ᎠáŤá áááľá á˛á á á ááľ áááľ áá ááľáĽ á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ ááááłá á¨áá áááľ á áááľ?
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áŠá፡- á áá°áá፡፡ á ááľ áááľ á¨ááááą á ááľ á á áá áá á˘ááá
ááťáá ááááľ áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áŁáŤááłá˝áá¸á ááŁá¤áá˝ áá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ á¨ááἠá°ááĽáá፣ áááľá
á°ááá§á áľááá˝á፡፡ á á áá ááááŤá˝á á°áá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ á¨á ááŞáąá á
ááá á á°á áá áĽááłá áĽáá˝áá፡፡ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááááá˝ á¨á˘áłááŤáľ á¨á áá á¨á ááŞáą á ááľááľá á
ááá á¨áá á á
á á
áá ááá áááľ á áá¸á?
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áŠá፡- á ááááŞáŤ á áá° á¨á ááľá¨á "áľáá ááá" á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ áááľá
á°ááá§á á¨áá áá፡፡ á áá áŤááá áľ áá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ፣á˛ááłáśááŤá፣ ááááĽáľ áĽáá˛áŤáá ááááá á¨áááááá
á¨ááá áľ áá፡፡ ááᥠá°áá§á á˛áŁá ááŤáŁ፣ ááᥠá°á°á°á° á˛áŁá áá°á°áł áĽáŤá፣ "á¨áĽá áááááľ ááş áŤáá˝á á¤ááľáŤ áᤠááá á áĽáť áá፣ áááááľ á¨áááá áŤá ááá˝ áĽáá°ááŤá°áááľ áá á áá ááś áá áá áá á" áá á¨áĽáą á áá፡፡ á¨áĽá á áá፣ á á°áá á á áá áľáĽá°áŁ á°ááá¨áá፡፡ áĽáŁáŤá˝á "á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ áááľá
á°ááá§á" á¨áá ááá á˘áá ááťáá á¨ááá ááłáĽ ááá á¨á°áá áá áááľáá፡፡ á áĽááἠá¨á°á áá¨á¨á áąááá áá፤ á¨ááá˝á á ááŠá áá áĽá¨áá° áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áłá˛áŤ፣ á¨ááᥠáá°á°áľ áĽáť áłááá á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááłá°áŽá˝á áĽá¨áŽá áá áŁáá áľ áááł á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááááĽáľ á¨á áá á°á áááŻá áááľ áĽáá˝ááá?
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áŠá፡- á¨ááááá áĽáą á áá°áá áĽáá´? á¨ááá°á ááŁáŞáŤáá áĽá áá áĽáá ááŁáŞáŤáá áá á¨áľá°á°áá˝ áá á˘á°áłá°á ááŽá á¨áĽáą ááááĽáľ áááľá
áá˝áá á¨áá áááľ áĽááá°á ááá áá˝áá፡፡ áá áľáá áŠá á°áťáᎠáĽáá´áľ á áľáá ááŽáŹá ááťá˝á áĽá˝ááá áá ááłáĄ፡፡ á˘áłáŤáľ á¨áá á¨áááá áľ áąáá á áŁá á á áááŻá áááľ áá፡፡ á¨áĽáą áá áŤááľ áááŤáá˝ á°áá ááĽá
áá¸á ááá á áá ááááŤáľ áá
á á áá ááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áľááŁá áá áŤáá ááááĽáľ á¨á°á áá¨á¨ áĽá á ááá á¨áááááľ áá áŤáá˝ááľ áá
áá ááá á¨áááŁá á á á˛áľ áľáľáŤá´á ááá á áááŁá˝áá?
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áŠá፡- "á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľ" á¨ááŁááá ááłáĽ á á°áἠá¨á°á áŤá áľ ááááŞáŤ á¨áá á áá ááááĽáłáľ ááá ááľ áĽá á¨á˛áááᲠáĽáá
á áŤááá፡፡ á áááá á¨á°ááŤáŠ áľáá ááŤá°ááááľ áá˝áá፡፡ ááá áá á áá ááľáĽ áŤáá á¤ááľáŤá áĽáŠ á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľ á áá፣ áĽáá áá
á áŤá á áĽáŽáľ ááááá áĽáá˝ááá áĽá á¨ááłáá ááááľ áááĽáááľ áá˝áá፡፡ á áá á¨áá°á¨áá áŽááá¨ááľ "á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľ" áááá á á¨ááá˝á á¨áá áŤá á¨á°ááá°á ááááľ áááŁá á¨ááŁáá áááá፡፡ áĽáą á°áá á¨ááŤááŁá ááἠá¨áá á¨áá áá¸á á áĽááááš፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- ááá áá á°ááááá˝ á á ááľ áááĽá (áŞáłá) áĽá á˘áááłááąá áá° á¨á፠ááľá¨á áá°áŁá°áĽ á ááťáá፣ á¨á°á áłá°á áá¸á፡፡ á¨áľá°áľ ááááĽáľá áááá á á¨ááŤáľá˝á á¨á፠áááá áááŤá¸áá?
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áŠá፡- á
áľá áĽááłááŠá
፣ á¨á°ááŤáŠ á¨á
áĽá¨á°á°áĽ áááá˝ á áŽááá¨ááľ á°áłáłá á¨áá á¨á፠á¸áá ááá ááŁá¤ ááá á áá˝áá፡፡ áá áááľ á¨áŞáłá áá á áĽáŽ á¨áá ፠á á˛áľ ááá ááĽáˇá áááľ áá፡፡ áŞáłáá ááἠá°áá
á°áá áááľ áá፡፡ ááá°áá á°áá ááááĽáľ á˛áá á áŤá˘áá ááá áŤá፡፡ áŤá˘áá á¨á°á ááąáľ áááá˝á ááá˛áá˝ áááá ááá¨áá፡፡ á¨ááᲠááŞáá˝ á¨ááľ á¨áŤá˘áá ááŞáá˝ áááá áááľ á áá°áá፡፡ á áá
á ááŁáĽ "á áááá˝" á¨ááááĽáąá ááŞáá˝ ááá áá˝áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á á˘áľáŽ-á¤ááľáŤ áľáá á áááľ áá áĽááśá˝ áŤáááŁá፡፡ á á áá áá
áľ á á˛áľ ááá á á?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á ááłááľ ááťáťáá˝ áŤá áááľáá፡፡ á á ááŁááá á¨á áĽá፠ááááĽáľá ááá á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááŞáá˝ áá á¨á°áŁá ááá áá፡፡ ááá á áá á/á¤áą áĽá á¨ááźáŤáá áĽááá° á¨á¤áľ áĽáŤá˝áá á áá áááá˝áá፡፡ áľáľáááá áá áĽáŠá áĽáá፡፡ á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ á /áááľáľá á¨áá¨á áŁá á ááľáľ ááĽáŚá˝ á¨áááľá ááłáĽ áá á¨፡፡ áá áĽáá áĽááááá áá áŤááľ፡፡ á ááá áá áĽáá áŤáá°áááአá¨áľáá አáááľ áááł á áá˝áá፡፡ á áá áá á¨á¤ááľáŤá á ááŁááá á¨ááŁá áááľáá፡፡ áĽá áá á¨á á°áĽá ááłá áŤááłá፡፡ áá áĽáá áĽááááá á¨áá ááááľá á á፡፡ áĽááá
ááááśá˝ ááłáŤá፡፡ á¨áááŤáĽ áááŚá˝ áŤáá áĽá áĽáá°áá á¨á°ááŤáŠ á°á
áááá˝ áá áĽááłá áłáŤáá
፡፡ ááĽá á°á áĽáá°áá áĽáŽ áĽááááá áá á áĽáą á¨áááą áĽáŤááá˝ á á ááá፡፡ áľá áśáááŤ፣ áłááá á áĽáą áá áá á¨ááľ áá፡፡ áĽáŁáŤá˝áá á¨áľáá አááłáŠ áĽáŠáá ááá፡፡ ááááŞáŤ áá áĽáá
á°á°áŤá°á áááłá፡፡ á¨á፠á áá ááá á áá áá
á á¨á°áĽ á ááłáŠ áá ááááŁáľ ááááľ ááá¨á áá˝áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áá á¨áááŤáŁááŤá á°á
áá áĽáŽ á¨áᨠáá፡፡ á á˛áľ ááááśá˝ á á áŤáá áá ááá
á áá°áá፤
á áś á
áŠá፡- á áá áááŞáŤ á áŁ፡፡ áááŞáŤáá á°áá áááá á áá áľ፡፡ áĽáá° áľáŽ áŁáá áľ ááá á á áá˝áá፡፡ á¨áŚáŁá á áľá°áłá°á áá áłáá áá ááľá¨á áĽá˝ááá á¨áá áá¨áŤ áĽáŤáŤáá° áá፡፡ á°áĽáłá¤áá˝á áá
áá፤ á áľá´áľ á˛áááľáááą á áŠá áááłá¨á
ááá áĽááłáá áĽáŤáłá¨ áá፡፡ á ááŞáŤáá ááłá°áĽ á ááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¨ááĽáłá ááá á¤áľ á áśáá፠áŁáá á áááŁáą ááááŤáľ á á¤ááľáŤ ááááĽáľ áá áááἠáááŁá áĽá¨áá° áá፡፡ áá
á°ááŁáŤá á¨ááá á¨áá á á¤ááľáŤ áĽá á ááŁáá áá ááááľ áĽáá°ááł áááŤá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á¨áááᥠáĽáŤá áĽáá˛á á˝á á¨ááŁá á áá°áá፡፡ á°ááŹáá á¨áĽá áá áááŁáŁáľ á¨ááá áĽáá á¨áĽáą áá á¨ááááŁáŁá áľ ááááŤáľ á¨áá፣ á áááŁáŁáľ áá á°á
áá ááłá°á á¨ááá˝áá፡ á¨áá á áááŤáŁááŤá á áŠá á á፡፡ á á ááľ á áŠá á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áá áá áĽáá
á°áááá á¨áá áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á¨áśáááŤá á˝áá áááťá áá áá፡፡ á¨áľáá አáááľ á˛ááł áááá áááłá፡፡ á ááŁáá áŤáá áľáá áááľ áĽáą áá፡፡ á˘áłááŤáľ á áśáá፠áŁáá á¨áááŁá á˘áľáŽáľáŤá áááłá¨á áá፡፡ á áľá¸á᪠á°á á˘ááá፣ áľáŽá áĽáá á¨ááŤá°ááááľ áľááá á¨፣ á¨áĽáá¸á áĽáá˛áᣠá ááááá፡፡ ááá áááľáá á áááąá ááááĽáľ áááŤá áááľ á¨áá°á¨á áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á¨áááą áááť áŁáľá (ááŹáľ) áĽáť á áá°áá፡፡ á¨áŚáááą á ááłáľ áĽáá´áľ áá? á¨ááá á¨ááááŞáŤ á áááł ááá á áá áľ፡፡ á¨áľáá አáááľ á¨á°ááł á áá áááá áĽáá´áľ áá á¨áááá¨á? á¨áá áĽáŤá ááááľ á áá áľ፡፡ áááŽá˝á ááŁáŤáľ áŤáľáááá፡፡ á¨á፠á áá á¨áľáá አááłá á´áááŤááá á¨áááá፡፡ á¨áááľ á¤áą ááłá á˝áá á¨áá áľá፡፡ á ááłááľ ááłá¨á áŤááŁá¸á áá áááłáłá¸á á áááá፡፡ áĽááá
á á/á¤áą ááłá áłááá፣ á áá áĽá á áľááľá áá á¨áááąáľ፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á áá á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áľááŁá áá áŤáá ááááĽáľ á á°áĽá á á°ááá¨á° á á°ááááá˝á á á ááłááľ áááá˝ áĽá¨á°ááá° áá፡፡ áá á¨áľááľáŠ á áŤá ááá áá˝áá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á¨á á°áĽ ááłá á¨áľááľá áĽáŤá á áá°áá፡፡ á¨áľááááľ ááłá áá፡፡ á¨áááąá ááááĽáłáľ áĽá á¨áĽáᨠá áá áá á¨áłá áĽáŤá áá፡፡ ááááŤáąá á¨á áá ááἠáĽá
á á°áťáᎠá á¤ááľáŤ áĽá á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááĽáłáľ ááŤá¨á á¨áá°á¨á áľááááľ á áááá፡፡ á ááťááá፡፡ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áááĽá ááááĽáľ á á°áĽá á ááá á áááá°áłá¸á áá áá áŤá
á á¨áá á ááŁáŞáá˝ áááá¸áá á¨ááŤáłá áá፡፡ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááĽáľá á¨áᲠáá á¨áá á°áá˝ áááŠá á áĽáĽá á á áľááľ á¨á°ááá¨áąáľ áááľááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ áŤááľ ááá á°ááááá˝ á á°áĽ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ á áŤá áá áĽáá á¨ááŤáá áá¸á፡፡ á¨áľááľá ááłá á áááá áŤáá፣ áĽááá
áááá˝ áááŤáá á˘áŤá¸áá ááłáŠ áá° áŚáááľ á áŤááŤá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- ááá
áĽáŽ áá á¨áľááááľ ááłá áá áŤááŠáľ፡፡ áá áááľ á¨áĽá
á áááŞáŤáá˝ áá á°ááľá°á á¤ááľáŤááŤá áĽá á˘áľáŽáľáŤááŤá áĽáá°ááá á¨á áá ááἠá áĽá¨á áááŤá¨áľ á ááŁá¸á áááľ áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ á ááłááľ á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááááĽáľ á°ááááá˝ áĽá¨á°áááłááą áá፤ áĽáá
á áĽááá° áĽá¨á°áááłááłá˝á áá፡፡ áľááá áááľá áá?
á áś á
áŠá፡- áĽáá
áŤááľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááááá˝ á¨ááŤááąáľ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áĽáŤá áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áĽááąá áĽáŽ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áĽáŤá á¨ááŤááą áá¸á፤
á áś á
áŠá፡- ááá áá˝áá፡፡ ááá áá á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ ááá˛áá˝ á°á°áŤá
á°á á¨ááááłááąá áľ áá ááááĽáľ á°ááá§á፡፡ áĽáá áá á¨á°ááá (áĽáąá áŤáá°áá) áá ááááĽáľ áŽáá˛á ááľáĽ á¨á°ááá áá፡፡ á áĽá፠áŤááľ á°ááááá˝ áá áĽáááľ á á´áááŤá˛ á¨ááŤáá á¨áá (ááá ááľááśá˝ á˘ááŠá) áĽáá
ááá áŤáłá¸áá á¨áá°áŤááľ ááľá á áá¸á፡፡ áĽá á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ áá ááľá á¨ááá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- áá ááŤáł áááłáľ áĽá ááľáááľ á¨ááá á¨ááĄ፣ áááąá á¨á¤ááľáŤ áĽá á¨á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áľáá
áśá˝ áááᥠá¨á°á á ááá áŤá
á á´áááŤá˛ á ááá áŠá á¨áá áľá˝áśá˝á á á፤
á áś á
áŠá፡- áĽááἠáá፡፡ áááłá á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ á¨18 áááľ á áá á¨ááá¨á á´áááŤá˛ á¨áá፡፡ á ááŁáááááľ áá áŤáá፡፡ áłááŽáš áá áĽáľá á¤áľ ááľáĽ áá á¨ááááľ፡፡ á¨á°áá°áá á á፡፡ áĽááłá á´áááŤá˛፣ á¨á´áááŤá˛ á˝áłá á¨áá፡፡ á ááĽáá á áŠá áá á áťáá˘áŤ á áŠá ááá ááá á¨á´áááŤá˛ ááŽááŤáá˝ áá áŠá፡፡ ááĽá áľááŁá áá á˘áá áᎠá¨ááááá á ááá
á፡፡ á¨áťáá˘áŤ áá á¨ááá¨á áá፡፡ áá° á˘áľáŽáľáŤ áľááᣠááĽá áááłáľ á ááá áááĽáľááľ á¨á°ááá˝ á áá ááľ፡፡ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áŽáŤ á áá°á á ááá
á፡፡ á¨ááŤá á áá ááłá°áŽáš áá ááá á°ááĽá°á á¨á´áááŤá˛ á˝áł á ááłáŠáá፡፡ á áá áá áááááŞáŤ áá á´áááŤá˛ ááá á áá áľ á°áĽá áĽá¨áľ áá°á¨á á ááľ ááá áá፡፡ áľááą áá á¨áááĄá á¨áľááŁá ááłá áááľááá፡፡ á¨á°ááá áááá˝á áááááľ áá፡፡ áŤáłá¸á á´áááŤá˛áŤááŤá ááá፣ áĽá á¨ááá¨á á´áááŤá˛ áĽáá˛á
áá áĽáá áááłá°á á ááŁá¸á áĽáá áĽá¤áľá
áá á°áĽá á´áááŤá˛ á áááŁá፡፡ á´áááŤá˛ á¨á°áťá á áľá°áłá°áĽá á ááŤá á¨áááŁáľá á¨áá°áŤá°áá ááłá áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á˘áľáŽáľáŤ ááľáĽ á ááááĽáľá á á°ááááá˝ ááŤá¨á á ááłáá´ áá°áŤá°á á á፡፡ á´áááŤá˛ á¨áľááľá áá¤áľ áá áŤáá፣ á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááááá˝áľ á¨á¤ááľáŤ ááááĽáľ áá ááá°áŤá°á áá áŤá
á ááá áá˝á?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á˘áłááŤáľ áĽáľá¨ á áá á¨ááá á°ááááá˝ á á á˛áŁá "á¨áá á°ááááá˝?" áá፡፡ áĽáá
á áŤááá°áĽá
á áŤá áá áá°áŤá°á á ááťáá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á ááľ á°á áĽáťáá á´áááŤá˛áŤáá á ááŁáááá ááá á áá˝áá፡፡ á¨áŁá
á á˘áŤááľ á°áá á¨áááá ááá፠áá፡፡ á¤ááľáŤ ááľáĽ á˘áłááŤáľ áĽáťáá áá á ááŁááá áááľ".?
á áś á
áŠá፡- á áá áŤáá á ááŁáááááľ á áľáĽá
áľáá áá á¨áłáá áá á¨áááľáá፡፡ áŤá ááአá¨áá አá ááá áľááŁá áá áŤá áá¸á፡፡ áĽááἠá¨ááŤá¨áá¸á á áĽááááš áłáľá¨áá፡፡ á ááłááśášá áá°áá፡፡ á¨á°ááŠáľ áá á ááá á¨á˘áłááŤáľ ááá ááŞáá˝ á¨áá አáá¸á፡፡ á áá á˘áłááŤáľ á´áááŤáľ á˘áá áᎠáĽááąá á´áááŤáľ ááá áá á ááá´ áá፡፡ á ááŁáááááą á¨áá á¨á°áá ᨠáá፤ á¨ááᥠáŁá
á ááá á áľá°áłá°áĽ á áá°áá፡፡ á´áááŤá˛á á¨ááŤá°á ááááááĽáľá áá፠áá፡፡ áĽáąá á°áá á°áá፡፡ áááľ á˘áá áĽá áá፠á˘á°á¨á á¨á´áááŤá˛ ááľáŽáśá˝ áá¨ááą áá á፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- á¨á¤ááľáŤ á°ááááá˝ ááá á˘áłááŤáľá á áľáááłá˝á áľááŁá ááŤá áá፡፡ á áá ááááŤáľ á áá ááá áĽáá˛áááľáá˝á áľááááá˝á?
á áś á
áŠá፡- ááááŞáŤ á¨áá ááááĽáľ á¨á¤ááľáŤá á ááŁááá áááŁá á¨ááá á áŤáą ááááŤáľ áá áĽáá á áĽá ááááŤáľ ááá á áá˝áá፡፡ á¨áĽá áĽáŤááá˝ á¨á´áááŤá˛ áĽáŤááá˝ áá¸á፡፡ ááá°á፣ á ááŁááá á áá፠á¨áá°á áĽáá°áá áá áĽá á°ááááá˝ á¨á ááŤá˝á ááłá áŤáłá˝á áĽáááŤááá áááłá˝á á áááá፡፡ á¨áááŤá áá¤áľ á ááŁáááá á¨áŁá á¨á°áá¨áá áĽá áá á¨ááááŤá ááá´ áá፡፡
áŞááá°á፡- ááἠáŁááá áá˝ááľ?
á áś á
áŠá፡- áĽáá áŤáá°áá áá áĽáá°áá á°áá á¨áŤáą ááááĽáľ áá°ááá፡፡
Last Updated ( Monday, 03 August 2009 )
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